An Integrative Review of Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Autism in Japan

Abstract

Parents of children with autism experience elevated stress that may be influenced by specific characteristics of the child and parent, including cultural norms and beliefs about parenting. However, there is little research on families of children with autism from cultural perspectives. The purpose of this integrative review is to identify factors influencing parenting stress in mothers of children with autism in Japan. A final sample of 15 primary research articles (2000–2015) on parenting stress in mothers of Japanese children with autism was selected using several databases. The findings suggested that these mothers experience much greater parenting stress than mothers of typically developing children and children with other disabilities. Japanese mothers also demonstrate stress related to attachment difficulties, low parenting efficacy and lack of support, reflecting Japanese parenting styles and gender ideology. Parent-directed and culturally calibrated interventions are needed to support parents of children with autism, especially cultural minority parents.     

中国种子植物特有属的数量分析

Chinese flora with many endemic elements is highly important in the world’s flora. According to recent statistics there are about 196 genera of spermatophytes, be- ing 6.5% of total Chinese genera.  These endemic genera comprising 377 species belong to 68 families, among which the Gesneriaceae (28 genera), Umbelliferae (13), Compo- sitae (13), Orchidaceae (12) and Labiatae (10) are predominant.  The tropical type containing 24 families and 80 genera is dominant. After it follows the temperate type with 23 families and 50 genera.  There are also 4 families endemic to China, i.e. Gin- kgoaceae, Bretschneideraceae, Eucommiaceae and Davidiaceae.  It shows that genera endemic to China are obviously related to the tropical and temperate flora in essence.      The endemic monotypic genera (139) and endemic obligotypic genera (48) combin- ed make up more than 95% of the total number of genera endemic to China.  Phylo- genetically more than half of them are ancient or primitive.  The life forms of all ende- mic genera are also diverse.  Herbs, especially perennial herbs, prevail with the propor- tion of about 62%, and trees and shrubs are the next, with 33%, and the rest are lianas.       Based upon the calculated number of genera endemic to China in each province and the similarity coefficents between any two provinces, some conclusions may be drawn as follows:       Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces combined are the distribution centre of genera en- demic to China and may be their original or  differentiation area,  because  numerous endemic genera, including various groups, exist in these two provinces.  The second is Guizhou where there are 62 endemic genera.  Others form a declining order, south China, central China and east China. But towards the north China endemic genera de- crease gradually, and the Qinling Range is an important distributional limit.       The largest simitarity coefficient, over 50%, appears between Shaanxi and Gansu probably because of the Qinling Range linking these two provinces.  But between any other two provinces it is less than 30% and it is generaly larger between two south pro- vinces than between two north provinces.       These characteristics mentioned above are correlated with topography and climate, and they may be resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time.     

光度分析中工作曲线偏离朗伯-比尔定律的原因

本文详细讨论了吸光光度分析中，引起工作曲线偏离朗伯一比尔定律的原因．分析得出在实验过程中，实验条件的选择、仪器性能及实验操作技术等均会引起实验误差．为提高分析准确度，本文提出了相应的解决办法．     

探地雷达速度谱估计的实验研究

电磁波在地下媒质中的速度估计是探地雷达应用研究的重要课题,本文基于地震探测的共中心点的速度谱理论,提出利用点目标速度谱来估计探地雷达脉冲电磁波在地下媒质中的传播速度,并用实验数据验证了本方法的有效性.     

基于高阶谱的溢流阀故障分析

提出了一种利用三谱对角切片分析溢流阀故障信号的方法。高阶谱理论上能完全消除高斯噪声的影响,本文由经过预处理的信号经过高阶谱分析后,可以得到三谱对角切片图,由图中可以获得正常信号与故障信号在切片图上的差异。试验结果表明利用高阶谱理论进行故障检测是可行的。     

音乐的构成对音乐表演形成的影响

成功的音乐表演对艺术家本人提出了这样的课题:专业知识、技能的掌握、文化底蕴的积累、对生活的认知程度、对情感的敏感体验等.其中,专业知识、技能的掌握及对音乐诸要素的构成因素的把握与运用,对音乐表演艺术风格的形成以及表演的优劣有着至关重要的影响.     

一种探索生产线瓶颈的绝对时间研究法

本文以生产线的工序时间为切入点,通过各工序工作节拍与生产线平均节拍的比较,利用大量的实际案例为依据,采用山积表进行新的瓶颈研究方法的探索,在分析的基础上总结得出了研究瓶颈的绝对时间研究法。经验证,通过绝对时间研究法,可以简单、快速、准确地发现生产线的瓶颈工序。对生产线的平衡分析、改善和设计等问题具有重要的意义。