碳排放不公平性研究综述

随着国际社会对于全球气候变化问题重视程度的不断提升,二氧化碳等温室气体的总量控制成为趋势,而碳排放公平性问题的重要性也日益凸显.本文就当前国内外对碳排放不公平问题的研究做了系统梳理.从研究方法上来看,Gini系数、Theil指数、Kakwani指数、变异系数等都能在一定程度上解释碳排放的不公平性,并且不同方法间可以相互补充,其中Gini系数和Theil指数目前应用最广泛.实证方面,当前碳排放不公平性的研究可以分为3个层面,即国际或地区间碳排放不公平性、人际碳排放不公平性以及代际的碳排放不公平性.研究结果显示,各层面碳排放均存在不同程度的不公平.收入差距是造成国际和人际碳排放不公平的最主要原因.因此,发达国家和高收入者率先减排应当成为碳排放权分配的主要原则.显著的代际不公平则反映当前承担减排责任、落实可持续发展原则的紧迫性.国内的研究主要集中在对地区间碳排放不公平的探讨,在我国,除收入外,能源强度和碳强度也是影响地区间碳排放不公平性的重要因子,因此,应对国内碳排放不公平需要兼顾效率和公平.本文最后指出了当前研究的不足,并展望了未来碳排放不公平研究的可能方向.     

In Consideration of Social Context: Re-examining the Linguistic Intergroup Bias Paradigm

Abstract

The role of language in the transmission of prejudice, including the features of the linguistic intergroup bias (LIB) paradigm, has received much theoretical attention. This study investigates whether LIB predictions hold true within a relatively harmonious bilingual context. The LIB is examined as a function of several individual and sociocontextual factors, including second language confidence, group identification, and group vitality. Results support, but with qualification, the LIB phenomenon. While some participants demonstrated a LIB effect, others communicated out-group favoritism. Minority-group members used linguistic bias differently than majority-group members. Results are discussed within the context of social psychological theories of communication.     

中国粮食作物化肥施用的碳排放时空演变与减排潜力

研究区域农作物化肥施用的碳排放趋势演进规律与减排潜力对于合理制定农业碳减排政策具有重要意义.基于"全国农产品成本收益资料汇编","中国统计年鉴"和农业部"小麦,玉米,水稻三大粮食作物区域大配方与施肥建议"中各地区的三大粮食作物产量,化肥投入类型及其数量等数据,采用碳排放系数法,测算并分析2005-2013年中国三大粮食作物化肥施用碳排放时空演变与碳减排潜力.结果表明:①江苏,安徽,宁夏,甘肃和山西的玉米,湖北,陕西和宁夏的小麦,辽宁,山东,江苏,浙江,陕西和湖南的水稻,其化肥施用的单位产品碳排放量下降明显;②黑龙江,吉林和新疆的玉米,云南和河南的小麦,吉林,广西和云南的水稻,其化肥施用的单位产品碳排放量不降反升;③与测土配方施肥情形相比,在2013年,江苏,陕西,湖北,贵州,广西和云南的玉米,山西,内蒙古,陕西,甘肃,宁夏,新疆,河北,四川,云南和江苏的小麦,湖南,江苏,海南,安徽,云南,广东和广西的水稻,其化肥施用的单位产品碳排放量偏高;④全国玉米化肥施用碳减排潜力约574万t CE,集中在黑龙江,辽宁,吉林,山东,内蒙古,陕西,云南,贵州和广西;⑤全国小麦化肥施用碳减排潜力约475万t CE,集中在河北,江苏,山东和河南;⑥全国水稻化肥施用碳减排潜力约206万t CE,集中在湖南,广东,广西,江苏和江西.最后,结合实地调查,本文提出应在粮食作物化肥施用碳减排潜力大的区域,通过政策激励和市场化运作,提高测土配方施肥技术推广的效应.     

基于企业态度的环境政策工具选择研究

以企业的实际排污量、谎报量和绿色技术创新激励程度为研究对象,分别探讨企业对环境保护持有积极态度和消极态度两种状态下,正向激励型和负向惩罚型环境政策工具对企业减排和绿色技术创新行为的影响。研究发现,(1)当企业持消极态度时,实际排污量与政府的排污税率、减排补贴水平呈负相关,并且当排污税率等于边际减排补贴时,达到最优排污平衡点,此时负向惩罚和正向激励型环境政策的效果相同;(2)当企业持积极态度时,绿色技术创新激励程度与政府的排污税率、减排补贴水平呈正相关,并且当减排补贴收益等于不同政策下创新增加成本的差额、减排节约成本的差额与税收收益三者之和时,达到最优绿色技术创新激励程度平衡点,此时负向惩罚和正向激励型环境政策的效果相同。     

Face Threat Mitigation in Feedback: An Examination of Student Feedback Anxiety,Self-Efficacy,and Perceived Emotional Support

This experimental study examined the effects of an instructor’s face threat mitigation tactics on student self-efficacy for learning and perceived emotional support from the instructor in a written feedback setting. Participants (N = 401) were randomly assigned to one of two feedback scenarios in which level of face threat was manipulated. Student feedback anxiety was measured prior to being exposed to the feedback scenario. Results indicate that high face threat mitigation is positively associated with student self-efficacy for learning and perceived emotional support from the instructor. Results also revealed that feedback anxiety predicts lower self-efficacy for learning and less perceived emotional support from the instructor. Implications regarding theory, the measurement of feedback apprehension, and student–instructor communication are discussed.     

论无效合同的效力缓和

无效合同效力缓和的法理基础是合同效力意思自治,通过意思自治和效力治愈两个途径放宽对合同效力要件的要求。无效合同效力缓和制度的内容包括硬件补正制度、软件补正制度、效力分割制度。实践操作中应注意合同有效推定、预防无效合同恶意抗辩。     

Evaluation of Imprecision,Bias and Total Error of Clinical Chemistry Analysers

Context Two Biosystems analysers are used in our laboratory, a fully automated A25 and a semi-automated BTS-350. Internal quality control is done for both but external quality control only for A25. As BTS-350 is used for backup, it is important that the results of both analysers are not just comparable but also within predefined limits of systematic, random and total error (TE). Aim To evaluate the imprecision, bias and TE of the two Biosystem analysers. Materials and Methods Biosystems level-1 quality control sera lot number 70A was run in duplicate for 32 days on both the analysers. Between day imprecision (measured by the coefficient of variation), bias and TE were calculated for ten analytes and were checked to see whether they are within the acceptable minimum limits, desirable limits and optimum limits of allowable error based on specifications on Westgard’s website updated in 2014. Results On both the analysers, all the analytes except alkaline phosphatase were within the acceptable minimum limits of TE and most analytes were within the desirable limits of TE. Only TG on A25 was within the optimum limit of TE. Conclusion The two Biosystem analysers performed comparably with errors within acceptable limits for most analytes. BTS-350 was found to be a suitable and ready backup analyser for A25.     

中国稻田温室气体的排放与减排

中国是世界上最大的水稻生产国, 水稻种植面积占全球总种植面积的30%。水稻生产在粮食安全方面起着重要的作用, 稻田却是温室气体甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的重要排放源。文章综述了稻田CH₄和N₂O的产生过程、影响因素及时空变异规律, 总结了近年来我国稻田CH₄和N₂O排放总量的估算结果, 并提出了针对性的温室气体减排措施。     

2016年夏季-2017年春季全国气候趋势展望

2016年5月,超强厄尔尼诺（El Niño）事件已经结束。预计,2016年夏季,我国主雨带位于长江中下游地区。尽管长江流域降水量偏多,但发生类似1998年夏季全流域性大洪水的可能性不大。2016年冬季至2017年春季,赤道中东太平洋可能处于拉尼娜（La Niña）状态,有利于2016/2017年冬季我国大部分地区气温偏低,2017年春季我国北方地区沙尘天气正常略偏多。     

科学应对气候变化的若干因素及减排对策分析

气候变化已从科学问题演变成国际政治和经济问题。在进行气候变化的相关决策中,需要综合权衡各方面的因素。本文对4个可能影响我国应对气候变化决策的因素进行了探讨,包括气候变化科学认识的不确定性、国际减排方案的公平性、中国未来CO2排放空间与排放需求的矛盾以及中国应对CO2减排压力的可能途径和减排空间。