美国生物医学类国家实验室建设案例剖析及对我国的启示——以弗雷德里克癌症研究国家实验室为例

通过对隶属于美国卫生与公众服务部的生物医学类国家实验室——弗雷德里克癌症研究国家实验室的建设思路、运营机制、科研实力、研发经费收支情况、大型科学设施的开放共享、教育和社会服务及开放合作等方面进行研究,分析特点,借鉴经验,为我国生物医学类国家实验室建设提供参考。     

Human cancer genetics

Cancer is a genetic disorder.Although heredi-tary cancers account for only a small fraction of all tumors,most cancers are caused by a variable mix of heredity and environment that leads to accumulations of genetic alterations and then uncontrolled cell pro-liferations(Kops et al.,2005).In addition,genetic alteration is one of the a few most important bio-logical factors that determine the diagnosis and prognosis of different cancers and dictate the treat-ment strategies for cancer patients.Fu…     

CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement

Since it was first recognized in bacteria and archaea as a mechanism for innate viral immunity in the early 2010 s,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein(Cas) has rapidly been developed into a robust, multifunctional genome editing tool with many uses. Following the discovery of the initial CRISPR/Cas-based system, the technology has been advanced to facilitate a multitude of different functions. These include development as a base editor, prime editor, epigenetic editor, and CRISPR interference(CRISPRi) and CRISPR activator(CRISPRa) gene regulators. It can also be used for chromatin and RNA targeting and imaging. Its applications have proved revolutionary across numerous biological fields, especially in biomedical and agricultural improvement. As a diagnostic tool, CRISPR has been developed to aid the detection and screening of both human and plant diseases, and has even been applied during the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic. CRISPR/Cas is also being trialed as a new form of gene therapy for treating various human diseases, including cancers, and has aided drug development. In terms of agricultural breeding, precise targeting of biological pathways via CRISPR/Cas has been key to regulating molecular biosynthesis and allowing modification of proteins, starch, oil, and other functional components for crop improvement. Adding to this, CRISPR/Cas has been shown capable of significantly enhancing both plant tolerance to environmental stresses and overall crop yield via the targeting of various agronomically important gene regulators. Looking to the future, increasing the efficiency and precision of CRISPR/Cas delivery systems and limiting off-target activity are two major challenges for wider application of the technology. This review provides an in-depth overview of current CRISPR development, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology,recent applications, and future considerations.     

Enhanced expression of HMG-Y proteins in proliferating tissues

The high mobility group (HMG) proteins I and Y are well characterised non-histone chromosomal proteins which bind to A-T rich regions of DNA and regulate gene expression and/or DNA replication. A correlation has been demonstrated between the increased expression of HMG-Y proteins and malignancy. However, it is not known whether the expression of HMGs particularly, the Y group, is a function of proliferation rate. In the present study, we have used normal tissues of calf testes, thymus and liver. The results show distinctly high expression of HMG-Y proteins in testes than in thymus and the expression was practically undetectable in liver. The results suggest that even in normal tissues there is a direct correlation between the proliferation rate and the expression of the HMG-Y proteins, which can partly explain its increased expression in cancer.     

张掖市妇女乳腺癌知识知晓率调查及健康教育对策分析

[目的]了解张掖市适龄女性对乳腺健康知识及乳腺癌的认知情况和乳腺自检现状,探讨其影响因素,为乳腺健康教育的实施及提高主动预防意识提供可行性依据。[方法]抽取张掖市五县一区18—65岁当地妇女1200人以问卷调查的方式进行乳腺健康知识、乳腺癌相关知识的调查,应答率99.6%。[结果]在调查的1195人中,调查对象对乳腺健康知识与乳腺癌概念混淆,对乳腺健康知识与乳腺癌认知途径主要来源于电视与社会教育,对乳腺癌认知较清楚的更是基于周边有乳腺癌患者的基础上;对乳腺癌的危险因素认知,城乡差距显著;乳腺癌治疗现状及生存状态认知不够。[结论]张掖市妇女对乳腺健康知识与乳腺癌的相关知识认识不足,对乳腺癌的治疗信心偏低,乳腺健康知识与乳腺癌认知途径单一、信息缺乏,应通过多元化健康教育加强妇女对乳腺健康知识的了解,提高妇女乳腺健康知识与癌的认知水平,加入疾病主动预防的健康队伍中来。     

肿瘤细胞免疫治疗相关伦理学探讨（英文）

本文旨在对细胞免疫治疗相关的伦理学问题进行探讨,并通过分析我国细胞免疫治疗相关伦理学实践及现状,为规范我国肿瘤细胞免疫治疗的伦理标准提供参考。随着免疫学、分子生物学等学科的飞速发展和高通量测序等技术的普及,肿瘤免疫治疗已成为第四大肿瘤治疗方法。肿瘤细胞免疫治疗,如各种基于T细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和树突状细胞(DC)的免疫治疗在其中发挥了重要作用。随着临床实践的开展,一些相关的伦理学问题逐渐暴露出来。如何在治疗过程中坚持基本伦理原则,有效指导并解决相关临床问题,提高治疗效果,保护受试者权益,是目前亟需研究的重要课题。本文对与之相关的伦理学问题进行探讨,并通过分析我国细胞免疫治疗相关伦理学实践及现状,以期为规范我国肿瘤细胞免疫治疗的伦理标准提供参考。     

Uncertain Terms: Message Features of Online Cancer News

About 113 million Americans have reported seeking health information online; however, little is known about the quality (or qualities) of the information being retrieved. Users have reported seeking information about health issues in an attempt to reduce negatively appraised uncertainties (Brashers, 2007), but less is known about the ability of the retrieved information to increase or produce unwanted uncertainty. A content analysis of online cancer news was conducted and suggests that 65% of Internet-based cancer news contains message features previously linked to the production of uncertainty (e.g., ambiguous or complex information). Though future research is required regarding uncertainty-related content and its effects, this project provides a foundation for such future endeavors.     

Reexamining the Link Between Cultivation Factors and Viewer Involvement: Investigating Viewing Amount as a Catalyst for the Transportation Process

In an effort to expand on prior cultivation research involving narrative processing (Bilandzic &; Busselle, 2008 Bilandzic , H. , &; Busselle , R. W. ( 2008 ). Transportation and transportability in the cultivation of genre-consistent attitudes and estimates . Journal of Communication , 58 ( 3 ), 508 – 529 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2008.00397.x [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), this study examined the interrelationships between viewing amount and the transportation process. Results showed that transportation mediated the relationship between genre-specific television viewing and perceived realism, while overall television viewing directly predicted reduced counterarguing. In addition, structural equation modeling was employed to test a combined cultivation-transportation model leading to changes in viewer excessive drinking perceptions. Findings indicated that genre-specific television viewing indirectly influenced beliefs through increased transportation. Conversely, a significant, direct path was found between overall viewing and excessive drinking beliefs, supporting the original cultivation perspective.     

To Hope or to Know: Coping with Uncertainty and Ambivalence in Women's Magazine Breast Cancer Articles

Breast cancer is one of the most feared diseases in contemporary Western society. Popular women's magazines are important sources of information about and orientation to the disease. The current study applies problematic integration theory in an interpretive analysis of all breast cancer articles appearing in five top-circulating women's magazines between 1997 and 2002. In so doing, the study illuminates two major challenges (uncertainty and ambivalence) and several imperfect approaches to coping constructed in this discourse (simplification, information-seeking/provision, affect management, trusting intuition, sustaining hope, and metaphoric reframing). These results have several clear and important practical implications and highlight a major and largely untried direction for future research.     

A Grounded Theory of Control over Communication Among Individuals with Cancer

This study explored the meanings that people attribute to talking about their cancer. Framed by interpersonal and health communication scholarship on privacy management and multiple meanings, we asked cancer survivors to describe how and why they discussed their cancer with others. Interviews (focus group or one-on-one) were conducted with 40 survivors. Using a grounded theory approach, we developed a conceptual framework that describes how communication about cancer may be particularly meaningful because it is something that people feel as though they can control during a highly stressful and turbulent time. However, attempts to manage communication are challenged by constraints imposed by others, such as unfavorable and unpredictable reactions to disclosure, which ultimately place limits on survivors’ control.