Effects of Classroom Seating Arrangements on Children's question-asking

This study investigated the relationship between classroom seating arrangements and the question-asking of fourth-graders. Data were collected during 53 lessons spread over 8 weeks. Children were assigned to sit in a semicircle and then in a row-and-column seating arrangement for 2 weeks each. This rotation was repeated. Both children's questions and the teacher's verbal reactions were recorded using an observational system based on Kearsley's question taxonomy. The results showed that children asked more questions in the semicircle than in the row-and-column arrangement, and that the pattern of question characteristics was stable over time. The findings also revealed that, within the row-and-column arrangement, there was an action-zone in which children asked more questions per lesson. The results are interpreted in terms of Steinzor's postulation that social interaction is encouraged when individuals are able to establish face-to-face contact. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

东亚钳蝎毒腺组织结构的观察

制备石蜡切片和超薄切片,通过光镜和电镜观察,发现蝎毒腺的腺上皮为单层柱状上皮。电镜下可见细胞游离端分布有九种颗粒。通过分析确定蝎毒腺上皮的分泌方式为顶浆分泌。     

大气气溶胶及其研究概况

大气气溶胶是气候变化研究中的一个极大的不确定性因素,国内外在此方面开展了大量的观测和科学研究.文章论述了大气气溶胶的基本性状、研究的意义及现状.对近年来国际上的重大气溶胶科学计划及当前全球两大气溶胶观测网络,包括世界气象组织的全球大气观测计划(GAW)和气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)作了详细地介绍.     

利用教学录像培养师范生课堂教学能力的研究

教学录像观摩是学校见习的重要补充形式,通过观摩使学生对课堂教学有直观感性的认识,对新课标所倡导的新理念有实质性的理解,对师范生的试讲起到示范作用,培养了师范生的评课能力。教学录像观摩的方法包括片段观摩法、整体观摩法和对比观摩法。教学录像观摩对师范生师范技能的培养起到促进的作用。     

护理健康教育存在的问题及其对策

在护理健康教育工作中还存在观念相对滞后、角色认知偏差、知识技能缺乏、时间缺乏保障、条件环境不足、管理欠科学等方面问题。为切实有效地开展护理健康教育,充分发挥护理健康教育的重要作用,我们只有准确定位,提高认识,转变观念,提供支撑条件,合理安排时间,加强科学管理,提高教育水平,才能取得明显实效。     

借助课堂观察提升教学反思能力

在教师的专业发展过程中,教师具有反思意识和能力至关重要。在学科教学中推广使用课堂观察工具进行课堂教学观察,可以帮助教师把握一个方面把问题分析得有理有据。让理性的反思促进课堂教学的实效性,有利于教师专业发展和自我成长。     

基于国际临床指南引用论文的中国研究影响力评价--以呼吸病学为例

[目的/意义]学术成果被国际临床指南引用,作为追踪学术成果应用到临床实践的一种重要指标,已用于多个国家科技评价中衡量医学研究影响力。但我国尚未有研究探讨医学领域研究成果被临床指南引用情况及论文特征。[方法/过程]本研究以呼吸病学领域为例,采用专家咨询法确定国际临床指南,通过背对背方式对论文被指南引用性质和研究类型进行注释,应用文献计量法对引用情感、引用论文的年龄、研究类型等被引论文特征进行分析。[局限]本研究仅分析了成功被临床指南引用的论文,而已经发表的与分析指南所涵盖的主题潜在相关但未在临床指南中引用的论文数量尚未得知。[结果/结论]结果发现临床指南引用的论文知识周期中值时间为4年,93.55%为临床研究,100%为正面引用和中性引用,13.86%发表在影响因子在10分以上的期刊,51.49%被基金资助,63.89%为国内合作。本研究所揭示的指南引用论文特征将为提高我国临床医学研究影响力提供一定的参考依据。     

Potential impact of the validated Predicting Abusive Head Trauma (PredAHT) clinical prediction tool: A clinical vignette study

BackgroundThe validated Predicting Abusive Head Trauma (PredAHT) tool estimates the probability of abusive head trauma (AHT) in children <3 years old with intracranial injury.ObjectiveTo explore the impact of PredAHT on clinicians’ AHT probability estimates and child protection (CP) actions, and assess inter-rater agreement between their estimates and between their CP actions, before and after PredAHT.Participants and SettingTwenty-nine clinicians from different specialties, at teaching and community hospitals.MethodsClinicians estimated the probability of AHT and indicated their CP actions in six clinical vignettes. One vignette described a child with AHT, another described a child with non-AHT, and four represented “gray” cases, where the diagnosis was uncertain. Clinicians calculated the PredAHT score, and reported whether this altered their estimate/actions. The ‘think-aloud’ method was used to capture the reasoning behind their responses. Analysis included linear modelling, linear mixed-effects modelling, chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, intraclass correlation, Gwet’s AC₁ coefficient and thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, PredAHT significantly influenced clinicians’ probability estimates in all vignettes (p < 0.001), although the impact on individual clinicians varied. However, the influence of PredAHT on clinicians’ CP actions was limited; after using PredAHT, 9/29 clinicians changed their CP actions in only 11/174 instances. Clinicians’ AHT probability estimates and CP actions varied somewhat both before and after PredAHT. Qualitative data suggested that PredAHT may increase clinicians’ confidence in their decisions when considered alongside other associated clinical, historical and social factors.ConclusionsPredAHT significantly influenced clinicians’ AHT probability estimates, but had minimal impact on their CP actions.     

Implementation of routine electronic health record-based child abuse screening in General Emergency Departments

BackgroundRoutine child abuse screening is an approach to early identification of abuse. Previous studies evaluated paper-based screens; the widespread use of electronic health records suggests that screening is more likely to succeed if integrated into the electronic record.ObjectiveTo implement an electronic health record-based child abuse screen in a diverse hospital system and to evaluate the screening rate, rate of positive screens, and number of reports to Child Protective Services and assess whether hospital and patient characteristics are associated with these rates.Participants and settingChildren <13 years of age evaluated at one of 13 Emergency Departments within University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System.MethodsA previously validated child abuse screen was slightly modified and integrated into Cerner. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of the outcomes of interest, controlling for key covariates.ResultsOf 17,163 eligible children: 68% received the screen of which 1.9% were positive. The rate of reports to Child Protective Services was higher among children who were screened (p < 0.0001). Younger children were more likely to be screened, have a positive screen, and have a report filed. There was no difference in the odds of being screened according to hospital teaching status, size or urban vs rural location.ConclusionsA child abuse screening tool can be integrated into the electronic health record in a large health-care network. The increased number of reports among children who were screened suggests that screening facilitates detection of suspected maltreatment.