Science and it’s Images – Promise and Threat: From Classic Literature to Contemporary Students’ Images of Science and “The Scientist”

The physical and social image of the scientist among school children, student teachers, and teachers over the last 50 years was investigated. Interest has also been shown in the perception of the personality behind the physical stereotype. Nevertheless, the value judgments of science and scientists and the positive and negative mind–sets attaching to these judgments in our society were less investigated, either in Israel or abroad. In this investigation models given to science and scientists in the classical literature and by some popular science writers were investigated, together with contemporary learners’ views. The populations consist of 125 high school students from Israel. Several tools were used during this investigation to decipher the images of science: Closed questionnaire, writing an essay, and semistructured collective interviews. Classical authors have pessimistic views about science and the scientists. Most models are unfavorable, and criticize the scientists: The mad and monstrous scientist (Frankenstein), the scientist who is alienated from human life (The Physicists), the scientist who is cut off from reality, the “geek” (Gulliver’s Travels), the scientist whose irresponsible research is harmful to the environment (Jurassic Park), the scientist who hungers for knowledge at any cost (Faust). The positive images found especially in the popular science literature: the scientist who cures diseases (Microbe Hunters), the scientist who has professional integrity (Galaxies), the scientist who keeps to the rules of the scientific method to obtain objective results (Wrinkles in Time). We found that some expressions relating to fear of science which have appeared in the classics since the beginning of the 18^th century were found in a similar way with students of the 21^st century, while others expressed that same fear in different ways. There was also an identification with Swift’s “unsociable and unemotional” scientists. Alongside the existence of expressions of fear of science, and mainly ambivalent opinions of students toward science, the dominant picture that stands out in this study is that our contemporary students are pro science, and regard science as a useful area of society.     

推进水资源融合管理保障高水平保护与高质量发展

水资源管理对于一个区域乃至国家自然环境和生态系统的维持与改善、经济社会的可持续发展和长治久安至关重要。新形势下,中国水问题具有系统性、结构性与流域性特征;人民涉水需求类型更趋多元、需求层级逐渐提升,而现有水资源管理模式效能不足,治水矛盾开始转型。文章在分析中国水资源管理存在的水资源开发利用与其他生态要素保护不平衡、水资源领域生态文明政策体系不完善、流域水资源协同治理较弱、涉水生态环境风险防范能力不足等问题的基础上,认为应推行水资源融合管理,进而提出了水资源融合管理框架,并分析了水资源融合管理具有的多问题、多需求、多功能、多资源、多空间、多主体、多手段、多制度融合的特征。在此基础上,从涉水保护与发展、政策体系、流域/跨区域管理、风险防范等方面提出了加强水资源融合管理的对策建议。     

Achievement and engagement: How student characteristics influence teacher judgments

Teachers' judgments of student characteristics are affected not only by the characteristic in question, but also by other factors. This article presents three studies examining whether students' achievement influences teachers' judgments of their engagement (as a proxy for motivation) and vice versa. First, a field study was conducted with N = 52 teachers and N = 1135 students. Structural equation modeling revealed an effect of student achievement on teacher judgments of student engagement and an effect of student engagement on teacher judgments of student achievement—above and beyond the association of each student characteristic with teacher judgments of that characteristic. These results were then replicated in two experimental studies involving a computer simulation of an instructional situation, the Simulated Classroom, with N = 40 and N = 181 teacher candidates, respectively. The psychological determinants of the effects observed are discussed, as are their practical implications.     

论代价评判及代价选择

代价问题是在中国的社会主义现代化建设过程中凸现出来的新的热点理论问题。从学理的角度讲，代价理论所要解决的核心是如何评判现实中代价付出的合理性以及如何做出科学的代价选择。这是人们在实践中有效地担负起解决代价问题责任的前提和基础。     

论刑事和解制度在中国的构建

刑事和解制度在和谐社会的大背景下越来越受到理论界和实务界的关注。刑事和解制度虽然有其不可忽视的进步性和价值,但能否嫁接过来成为中国的本土制度仍需谨慎对待。中国的国情和民情决定了现阶段想要建立中国式的刑事和解制度暂不可行,应对实践中的刑事和解个案加以引导,但不应将其制度化。     

论民事诉讼中的先行判决

我国民事诉讼中目前尚无诉讼系属中之判决的相关规定,有关先行判决的研究,理论界也尚属空白。有学者认为,我国民事诉讼法第一百三十九条规定的先行判决为部分判决。事实上,纵观世界各国民事诉讼之立法规定,除部分判决（即一部终局判决）外,尚存在临时判决、中间判决、混合判决、即决判决等先行就诉讼事项作出裁决的规定。本文旨在对先行判决理论进行初步梳理,以期进行一些有益的探索。     

基于变精度粗糙集的综合评判模型及其应用

针对综合评判模型中各影响因素权重分配难以确定和具有主观性的问题,通过引入广义变精度粗糙集,定义了影响因素相对重要性的概念并构造出一致判断矩阵,然后利用层次分析法求得各因素的权重,并进一步得到了各评价对象的总体综合评价值,为不确定性的决策问题提供了技术支持和理论依据.     

非国家工作人员贿赂犯罪要件及其修正

近些年来,随着我国市场经济不断发展,发生在商品流通和服务行业等的商业贿赂行为尚未得到有效根治。作为一种具有动态意义的违法犯罪活动,其触角已伸入到社会上许多行业和领域,并呈现出一系列新的特点和发展态势。为此,“两高院”先后联合公布、印发了《罪名补充规定（三）》及《适用法律问题意见》,以“非国家工作人员贿赂犯罪”替代原来的“公司、企业或者其他单位工作人员贿赂犯罪”,并就当前办理商业贿赂刑事案件适用法律的问题提出部分意见,从而更加有利于打击日益猖獗的商业贿赂犯罪。然而,此两次仅是有关罪名的改变和部分法律的适用,该罪构成要件并未明确改变。为了加强经济刑事立法,规范刑事执法行为,尚需进行犯罪要件修正,使之更加充实和完善,这有利于开创我国商业贿赂犯罪体系,建构惩防职务犯罪长效机制。     

法学方法的基本模式

法学方法乃是法律职业教育和法律职业能力的应有之义。不仅三段论模式的法律适用,而且案件事实的形成和法律判断,法律解释与法的续造等本身就是一个方法问题。     

感性体验与理性评判的合一——谈罗振亚的诗歌研究

罗振亚在诗歌研究领域取得了丰硕的研究成果,他善于将史与论结合起来,通过历史的考察与理论的阐释发掘研究对象的价值与局限;善于运用客观辩证的态度分析研究对象,得出实事求是的结论;善于运用比较的方法发现研究对象的个性差异;善于将情感体验融入诗歌分析之中,用生动形象的语言表达自己的观点,从而形成了融感性体验与理性评判为一体的研究风格。