Maximal isometric force and muscle cross‐sectional area of the forearm in fencers

The maximal isometric force (MIF) of a muscle is directly related to its cross‐sectional area (CSA). Strength training produces an increase in muscular force while muscular hypertrophy becomes appreciable at a later time; in asymmetric sports, training causes significant increases in force and muscular mass of the dominant limb of the athlete. The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in muscular force and trophism between the dominant and non‐dominant forearms in fencers and in controls.

The data of 17 male distance runners (age 21.4±2.4 years, body mass 74.0±5.0 kg, height 180 ± 6 cm) were compared with those of 58 male fencers (age 23.0 ± 6.7 years, body mass 71.9±9.3 kg, height 178 ± 7 cm) drawn from the ranking lists of the National Fencing Committee. They trained for a mean of 11.4±6.0 (range 2–36) years, commencing at 10.7 ± 4.5 years of age.

Cross‐sectional area (muscle plus bone) was estimated in the dominant and non‐dominant forearm using a simplified anthropometric method. Maximal isometric force was determined using a mechanical handgrip dynamometer. The differences in CSA and isometric force between the two limbs and between fencers and controls were tested using paired and unpaired Student's i‐tests, respectively. Significant differences in CSA and maximal force were observed between the dominant and non‐dominant forearm in fencers (both P<0.001) and in controls (P<0.005 and P<0.001, respectively). The fencers showed a greater CSA (P<0.001) and force (P< 0.001) in the dominant forearm compared with the control group. Furthermore, the differences between the dominant and non‐dominant limb of the fencers were significantly greater than the differences between the dominant and non‐dominant limb of the controls (P<0.001 for CSA and P<0.05 for force). No significant differences in stress ratio (force/CSA) were obtained in either group.

The results of this study suggest that asymmetric sports training at submaximal intensities produces significant asymmetries in force and CSA which are independent of technical level and years of training. Despite this, the force/CSA ratio is constant and independent of training.     

Persistence of gentamicin residues in milk after the intramammary treatment of lactating cows for mastitis

This study was designed to investigate persistence of gentamicin residues in milk after the intramammary treatment of lactating cows for mastitis. Milk samples were collected at a 1-d interval after the last administration from 34 individual cows that had received intramammary infusions of gentamicin. The doses and treatment times evaluated in this study represented those that have been applied by veterinarians in practice. The tetrazolium chloride assay was used to determine whether there were sig-nificant residues of the antibiotic in the samples. Persistence of detectable drug residues in milk from 33 cows (28 cows, <6 infusions at≤0.7 g gentamicin; and 5 cows, 2 infusions at 0.8 g gentamicin) did not exceed 5 d; but 1 cow (5 infusions at 0.8 g gentamicin) had detectable residues in its milk for 9 d. Our results suggest that a 5-d milk withdrawal period might be insufficient to secure the clearance of the contamination of gentamicin, because treatment times and dosages contribute to the antibiotic clearance. A larger scale of samples are needed for further investigations.     

Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer in combination with bronchial arterial infusion for treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, one year follow-up

Objective: In the present study, we have examined the safety and efficacy of recombinant adenovirus encoding human p53 tumor suppressor gene (rAd-p53) injection in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the combination with the therapy of bronchial arterial infusion (BAI). Methods: A total of 58 patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled in a non-randomized, two-armed clinical trial. Of which, 19 received a combination treatment of BAI and rAd-p53 (the combo group), while the remaining 39 were treated with only BAI (the control group). Patients were followed up for 12 months, with safety and local response evaluated by the National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria and response evaluation criteria in solid tumor (RECIST), respectively. Time to progression (TTP) and survival rates were also analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: In the combo group,19 patients received a total of 49 injections of rAd-p53 and 46 times of BAI, respectively, while 39 patients in the control group received a total of 113 times of BAI. The combination treatment was found to have less adverse events such as anorexia, nausea and emesis, pain, and leucopenia (P<0.05) but more arthralgia. fever, influenza-like symptom, and myalgia (P<0.05), compared with the control group. The overall response rates (complete response (CR)+partial response (PR)) were 47.3% and 38.4% for the combo group and the control group, respectively (P>0.05). Patients in the combo group had a longer TTP than those in the control group (a median 7.75 vs 5.5 months, P=0.018). However, the combination treatment did not lead to better survival, with survival rates at 3, 6, and 12 months in the combo group being 94.74%, 89.47%, and 52.63%, respectively, com-pared with 92.31%, 69.23%, and 38.83% in the control group (P=0.224). Conclusion: Our results show that the combination of rAd-p53 and BAI was well tolerated in patients with NSCLC and may have improved the quality of life and delayed the disease progression. A further study to better determine the efficacy of this combination therapy is warranted.     

The importance of morphological awareness in Korean–English biliteracy acquisition

This study examined the importance of morphological awareness in Korean–English biliteracy acquisition. English is an opaque orthographic system, in which letters and sounds have indirect correspondences. Korean Hangul, on the other hand, is a transparent orthographic system where there are direct letter-sound correspondences. Sixty-five children from Grades 2 to 4 were tested on a set of comparable Korean and English tasks tapping into oral vocabulary, phonemic awareness, morphological awareness, real word reading, and passage reading comprehension. Results showed that morphological awareness explained a significant amount of variance in word reading and reading comprehension within both Korean Hangul and English, suggesting that morphological awareness is important not only in an opaque orthography but also in a transparent orthography. Furthermore, morphological awareness in one language uniquely predicted a significant amount of variance in reading real words in the other language, suggesting that morphological awareness facilitates word reading across different orthographies.     

RTK技术在公路横断面测量中的应用

本文介绍了RTK技术的工作原理以及特点,重点阐述了传统横断面测量方法中存在的问题及解决方法.通过与水准测量方法对比发现,RTK技术在高程测量方面的精度可以满足一般公路横断面测量的要求.同时详细论述了应用RTK技术进行横断面测量的一般步骤.     

理论灌输法和价值澄清法的整合研究

以理论灌输法为主导的东方德育模式与以价值澄清法为主导的西方德育模式都有其存在的历史必然性。针对我国目前多元价值观念并存的社会现状,我们有必要有选择性地、分阶段地将这两种典型的德育教育方法进行有效整合,去解决变化了的社会道德问题,并最终摆脱我们德育的困境。     

全面叫停门诊输液必要性及干预措施的研究进展

对多数人而言,生病时首先想到静脉输液。实际上,长远来看,叫停门诊输液不仅有利于增强机体免疫,促进患者健康,还有利于优化医疗结构及医疗资源配置。因此,普及门诊输液的危害以及正确的就医方式,越来越成为社会关注的问题。文章通过对门诊输液患者对输液的认知、态度及影响因素进行分析,提出相应的干预措施,以期对今后国家全面禁止门诊输液政策的实施起到积极作用,最终形成全面停止门诊输液的良好的社会环境。     

中国红十字会“护国战争”救护述论

梳理有关资料，再现中国红十字会“护国战争”救护情形。救护中，中国红十字会总会总办事处筹款募捐“至十余万元”之多，保证了战区分会和临时机关救伤恤难的需要。在总会和社会各界的鼎力支持下，战区分会和临时救护机关尽心尽职，“疗伤瘗亡，厥功尤著”，救援行动取得了较为圆满的成功。     

交叉校验法确定因子数标准的改进

文中提出了一种交叉校验算法NIPALS,并通过模拟研究,修正了现在运用较普遍的提取因子数的标准:D相似文献