工程服务中心:构建工程创新实践教育的支撑体系——上海交通大学国家双创示范基地案例分析

在高等工程教育中学生自主实践创新教学活动极为重要,而当前高校普遍缺乏创新支撑服务平台及灵活的实践服务模式,学生在自主开展实践教学活动时常常需耗费大量的时间和成本去完成创新项目所需资源的准备;一轮轮的教学实践环境建设,由于多围绕课程、学科的培养体系投入,造成设备利用率低,与学生强烈的创新实践需求形成尖锐矛盾。本文基于当前国家双创示范基地中学生创新中心建设,创造性提出以工具借出、设备借用、远程加工、设计IP撮合等为特点的特色服务模式,持续大量地为学生提供基本器具资源使用和加工服务。围绕学生需求提供"创新实践图书馆"式的服务,为学生创造创新实践的服务环境。本文就设备借出、3D打印等具体工程服务分中心建设的内容、目标和服务模式,阐述了这类创新实践服务中心的建设模式,需要解决的问题和实施思路。实践证明,建设工程服务中心能有效解决设备利用率问题,更好地培养大规模勇于投身实践的创新人才,为高校创新人才培养模式开辟新途径。     

基于知识转化的工程人才创新能力提升研究——以一门综合创新实验课程的教学为例

随着技术系统、生产过程以及产品系统复杂性的增长,创新活动要求不同知识与技术的整合,工程人才的系统创新能力是应对创新复杂性增长的有效途径。本文从知识转化的研究视角出发,发现工程人才能力的提升可以通过结构化的知识获取和转化路径来实现,逐步建构起整合性的多维度创新能力。文章亦提出在高校或企业的工程师培养过程中,可以通过提供多元知识环境、设计知识获取的组合结构,保护工程人才的创新灵感,从而建构有效实现知识获取和转化的系统运转机制,达成工程师自我成长的机制。     

Managing Uncertainty for Preventive Conservation

ABSTRACT

This paper examines how conservators engage with uncertainty when creating preventive conservation strategies. It argues that by recognising contexts in which uncertainty will be encountered conservators can develop effective management strategies. A typology of uncertainty explores a range of categories of uncertainty, their experience in preventive conservation and identifies distinct approaches to manage them. Managing uncertainty may include acts of defining its parameters, exposing and resolving through communication or protecting from with contingency. Whatever approach is adopted it must be accepted that uncertainty cannot be avoided. It is important therefore to aim to live well with uncertainty and the paper advocates for preventive conservation applications of strategies recommended in health care for patients with life-threatening illnesses. These strategies include working on things that can be controlled, goal setting, acceptance and factoring in emotions. The ability to identify contexts in which uncertainty is inbuilt should trigger those concerned with preventive conservation to activate strategies developed for managing and living well with uncertainty.     

基于自引网络和主路径分析的论文主题创新实证研究

[目的/意义]探讨如何从大量论文中快速发现相关论文,研究论文主题创新的方法,为研究者阅读和利用期刊论文提供参考。[方法/过程]在对论文主题创新和自引网络概念界定的基础上,提出研究论文主题创新的思路、方法和工具。以美国印第安纳大学在图书情报学领域的论文为例进行实证研究。[结果/结论]利用主路径分析可以快速从自引网络中发现由于引用而产生联系的论文,在此基础上可以进行主题创新分析。     

Reinventing the public value of libraries

ABSTRACT

Libraries worldwide have had to re-think their purpose and adapt to changing community needs and expectations. They are no longer simply repositories for old books. Rather, they are vital components of a community’s social and economic infrastructure that connects communities and fosters creativity and innovation. This paper explores the changing role of libraries—and public value organizations more broadly—in creating positive social, economic, and environmental outcomes for individuals and communities.     

We May Be Teaching Information Literacy,but Are the Design First Year Students Actually Getting It?

The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of information literacy instruction for the Design first year students at the Temasek Polytechnic Library. Also of interest was whether or not the librarian was being seen as easily approachable, and if the students were deeming the lessons to be worthwhile. A participant action research approach was used, with the data being collected from multiple choice tests delivered via the institutional learning management system, group exercises, and a diagnostic assessment that was delivered before the workshops. It was found that the students did see the librarian as someone who was eminently approachable, and the majority of them found the lessons to be of value. It was concluded that the use of a diagnostic tool can be very useful in highlighting the gaps in students' knowledge, and that it would be beneficial to use it for all information literacy instruction at TP. Suggested future research could include a study of how much the students retain of IL skills into their third year of study.     

用设计思维建设,用连接战略发展——大阅读时代公共图书馆发展战略思考

以大数据、云计算、物联网等新一代信息技术引领的深度信息化阶段已经开启,这不仅让人工智能技术再次兴起,正在创造一个智慧时代,也正在深刻改变甚至颠覆人类的阅读行为,一个大阅读时代正在到来。在这样的大阅读时代,面临着创新转型发展的重大机遇与挑战,公共图书馆可以用设计思维进行建设,从硬件到软件都可以用以人为本的设计思维来建设;公共图书馆还可以用连接战略不断发展,把人与人、人与知识、人-空间-知识以及图书馆的实体空间与网络空间连接起来,公共图书馆可以实施阅读+和图书馆+战略的本质原因是阅读具有无所不在性。     

The Effect of Web Search Result Display on Users’ Perceptual Experience and Information Seeking Performance

ABSTRACT

Adding multiple sources of information in the display of Web search results may negatively affect users’ perceptual experience and information-seeking behavior. This claim was established by investigating the impact of different Web search compositions on users’ ability to extract specific information. In this article, we assumed that the quantity and order of different compositions (areas) in the Web search results page may contribute to individual’s ability to find information relevant to their search queries. An eye-tracking device was used to observe and compare the perceptual behavior of 14 users in an information-seeking task. The results showed that the use of different compositions in the display of Web results page significantly influenced users’ perceptual experience by reducing their attention to the organic results area. The quantity of these compositions was found to greatly increase the cognitive load of users when attempting to retrieve information from the organic area, which negatively affects their information-seeking performance. Our finding provides a rationale for further studies to consider the impact of quantity and order of Web page compositions on individuals’ perceptual attention and cognitive load in information-seeking task settings.     

Quality,Innovation, and Financial Sustainability

Entrepreneurial, independent digital media sites arose in response to disruption in the journalism industry brought on by emerging technologies. This study explores this trend in Latin America from the perspective of audiences. Based on surveys of readers of entrepreneurial digital news sites in Guatemala and Nicaragua, this mixed-methods study offers a snapshot of who these readers are and what they are interested in. Results showed readers of the Guatemalan and Nicaraguan news sites valued equally quality journalism and innovation, but differed when it came to the importance they placed on the sites’ business models. This study also illuminated a new dimension of innovation, one from the readers’ perspective. While some respondents associated innovation with use of new technologies, in general readers defined innovation as unique (to the region) and alternative (to mainstream media) ways of doing journalism; their definition, unlike that of journalists, was not necessarily technologically driven.     

液压与气压传动教学改革的探索与实践

《液压与气压传动》课程是机械类各专业的一门重要技术基础课。几年来通过优化整合教学内容,充分利用以计算机技术为基础的现代教学媒体,对课程内容、教学手段及教学方法的改革进行了探索与实践,提高了教学质量,较好地完成了教学任务。