Individual differences in achievement goals: A longitudinal study of cognitive, emotional, and achievement outcomes

Within achievement goal theory debate remains regarding the adaptiveness of certain combinations of goals. Assuming a multiple-goals perspective, we used cluster analysis to classify 1002 undergraduate students according to their mastery and performance-approach goals. Four clusters emerged, representing different goal combinations: high mastery/performance (i.e., multiple goals), dominant mastery, dominant performance, and low mastery/performance (i.e., low motivation). In a longitudinal analysis over one academic year, the clusters were compared on cognitive appraisals (expected achievement, perceived success), achievement-related emotions (enjoyment, boredom, anxiety), and objective measures of academic achievement (final grade in Introductory Psychology, GPA). The low-motivation cluster demonstrated the least adaptive profile across all outcomes. The multiple-goals, mastery, and performance clusters showed equivalent levels of achievement; however, students in the performance cluster were more psychologically and emotionally vulnerable than the multiple-goals and mastery clusters. Our discussion focuses on the immediate and potentially long-term implications of specific goal combinations for students and educators, with particular attention to understanding the cognitive and emotional vulnerabilities of students in the performance cluster which appear despite satisfactory achievement levels.     

基于应用型本科人才培养的离散数学教学改革探讨

《离散数学》作为信息管理与信息系统专业核心课程之一,由于概念多、理论性强且抽象,教学时容易造成知识点散、教师满堂灌的局面,使学生学习时感到吃力,从而失去对课程学习的兴趣。文章从信息管理与信息系统专业应用型人才培养的角度,对离散数学进行教学改革,广泛全面地增加应用案例,使学生在学习后能应用所学理论解决一定的实际问题。     

“关关雎鸠”考释

“关关雎鸠”是以雎鸠鸟的雌雄和鸣,兴起“乐得淑女以配君子”的主题。这种说法,不仅渊源有自,且亦可由《关雎》一诗的音乐性质得以证明。认为此句是以鱼鹰求鱼象征男子向女子求爱的观点,其实未必能够成立。《关雎》诗以本句起兴,取义有二：一以春季物候兴发婚姻主题,二则以雎鸠之“挚而有别”兴发婚姻之性质。其内容和音乐都吻合西周之端肃典正的礼乐精神。     

岩体非连续变形数值分析方法的特点及比较

岩体稳定性分析,有几种常用的非连续介质分析方法。本文先是概述了几种常用的数值分析方法,然后对这几种分析方法作了比较,得出它们的区别与联系,并总结了理论存在的不足。     

技术大类之间会聚指数测度的理论与方法

基于技术会聚和技术共类分析的理论与方法,提出技术大类之间技术会聚指数测度指标和方法,并对《德温特创新索引》数据库中"化学"、"工程"、"电气与电子"三个技术大类之间的技术会聚指数进行了实证分析。测度方法与指标具有比较广泛的应用性。     

XOR-MAC消息认证码的安全性新证明

消息认证码（Message Authentication Codes---MACs）是保证消息完整性的重要工具。Bellare 等人提出了称为XOR-MAC的消息认证码，界定了攻击者成功伪造的概率，从而证明了其安全性，但是他们给出的证明方法较为复杂。本文使用Game-Playing 技术采用新的安全性定义证明了XOR-MAC的安全性，证明方法简单明了；在底层所使用的分组密码是伪随机置换的假设下，量化了该消息认证码与随机函数之间区分的概率。     

论唐代杖刑制度的发展变化

杖刑是《唐律》规定的五种法定刑罚之一，《唐律》对杖刑制度作了具体规定，但是 唐代杖刑制度在实际执行中出现了许多新的变化。首先是杖刑被广泛用做附加刑；其次，唐供许多死罪被以杖杀的方式执行，杖杀成为绞，斩以外的又一死刑方式，第三，唐供中后期又出现了新的决杖方式即“一顿杖”及脊杖。杖刑在唐代名轻而实重。宋代基本上完全沿用了唐代杖刑制度。     

深刻的文化密码--老舍幽默艺术解读

老舍的幽默蕴含的是一种深刻的文化密码，它不但向我们透露了老舍创作中所打下的时代的、民族的、社会的、道德的烙印，而且展示了老舍与西方写实派文学的诸多秘密。基于这种文化心态和审美理想，我们便不难发现，老舍最终独辟蹊径，形成了独特而完美的幽默艺术。     

离散数学CAI课件的教学设计

本采用以“学”为中心的教学设计理论来指导CAI课件的教学设计。结合离散数学CAI课件的开发，从分析学习特征、整体设计和学习环境设计三个主要方面论述了该课件的教学设计。     

What troubles early childhood educators in New Zealand: a 20-year cross-sectional study of ethical difficulties in early childhood practice

For more than 20 years, the New Zealand early childhood (EC) sector has had guidance about how to deal with situations of ethical difficulty in daily practice through the ECE Code of Ethics. This paper reports on three surveys undertaken at 10-year intervals that sought to understand EC educators’ experiences of such situations, and how they addressed them within their EC settings. An analysis of educators’ stories of ethically troubling situations from the three data-sets traced shifts and similarities in the content reported, and in how educators responded to these challenges over the two-decade period. We situate this analysis alongside changes in the New Zealand ECE policy context during the same time frame. We argue that a connection exists between the reported situations and teachers’ responses to them, and changes within the policy and professional context of daily EC practice.