Measuring the returns of R&D—An empirical study of the German manufacturing sector over 45 years

Motivated by recent statistics that show significant growth in labor productivity, this paper seeks to analyze the long-term relationship between domestic R&D, knowledge stock and productivity dynamics. Time series data of the German manufacturing industry is used to estimate a variable cost function with the stock of knowledge being dependent upon current and past R&D spending. The estimates indicate that 50% of the effects of R&D on the knowledge stock appear within 4 years. However, the rate of return on R&D are shown to be drastically declining; recent rates of return on R&D are estimated to have reached an all-time low spanning the last 45 years. Current yields of R&D are only one third compared to the sixties. In conclusion, though the productivity slowdown of the seventies seems to have been overcome, this is not attributed to R&D investments.     

Technological innovations and sectoral change: Transformative capacity, adaptability, patterns of change: An analytical framework

Following up on recent debates about sectoral systems of innovation and production, the paper introduces a heuristic framework for analyzing and explaining distinct patterns of technology-based sectoral change. The concept is based on two interrelated influencing factors. The first is the sectoral-specific transformative capacity of new technologies themselves, that is, their substantial or incremental impact on socioeconomic and institutional change in a given sectoral system. The second is the sectoral adaptability of socioeconomic structures, institutions, and actors confronted with the opportunities presented by new technologies. The first factor—the sectoral transformative capacity of new technologies—enables us to identify the technology-based pressure to change and adjust the structural, institutional, and organizational architectures of the sectoral system. The second, complementary factor—sectoral adaptability—helps us to discern the distinct social patterns of anticipating and adopting this technology-based pressure. The specific interplay between the two influencing factors creates distinguishable modes of sectoral transformation, ranging from anticipative and smooth adjustments to reactive and crisis-ridden patterns of change. Even processes of radical sectoral change continue over longer periods of mismatch and are characterized by numerous and mostly gradual organizational, structural and institutional transformations.     

Innovation strategy and performance during economic transition: Evidences in Beijing, China

This paper evaluates the relevance of innovation strategy to various categories of Chinese firms and investigates its relationship with innovation performance during the economic transition of the 1990s. Data from 1244 Chinese firms in Beijing are used to ascertain the relative importance of different innovation objectives, along with the innovation strategies adopted by manufacturing firms. Results show that innovation activities were confined to the domestic sphere and mainly directed at quality improvement. Chinese manufacturing firms which obtained support from the government through the high-tech firm accreditation system generally perform better. They had already started moving away from a reliance on imported technology and equipment, and using indigenous R&D efforts to innovate for the coming market economy.     

Behavioural additionality of R&D subsidies: A learning perspective

The use of R&D grants as a policy instrument has been motivated by economic arguments of market failure. Neo-classical econometric studies have analysed the additionality of one Euro of subsidies on both the investments of companies in the R&D process and the output of that R&D process. More recently, behavioural additionality has been launched as a third form of additionality. In contrast to input and output additionality, behavioural additionality is related to changes in the processes that take place within the firm. In this paper, we analyse the determinants of the behavioural additionality of R&D grants. To explain the mechanism through which behavioural additionality is obtained, we use organizational learning theory as a guide to formulate our hypotheses. Hypotheses are tested using a telephone survey of 192 recipients of R&D grants provided by the IWT in Flanders in 2001–2004, matched to a sample of 84 firms that undertake innovation activities but which had never had a grant bid accepted. We find that congenital learning and interorganizational learning lead to increased behavioural additionality. However, these learning effects decrease with the number of subsidized projects that are undertaken by the company.     

ERP同化的影响因素及其作用机制研究

以ERP同化为研究对象,首先构建包括质量因素、组织因素和环境因素三个方面的ERP同化影响因素作用机制分析框架,然后通过对已实施ERP系统企业的实证调研验证模型和假设,最后根据模型结论提出提高ERP同化程度的相关建议。     

Social networks and coordination performance of distributed software development teams

In this study, we explore the coordination performance of the geographically distributed software development teams by exploring OSS (Open Source Software) development dataset available through SourceForge.com. OSS team structures have traditionally been geographically dispersed and therefore, the coordination of post release activities such as testing efforts have been carried out by means of communication via electronic forms, such as email or message boards and forums. In our current communication-enriched environment, best practices for coordination are adopted by all software projects yet some still fail to achieve their target performance. Does team structure have any bearing on the performance outcome of the project? How does the communication between teams and their external parties affect ultimate success or failure of projects? We seek to answer above questions by applying existing theories and analytical methods from social networks for exploring the coordination performance of defect management activities found in OSS projects. We propose social networks based theoretical model for exploring distributed coordination structure and apply that for the case of OSS defect management process for exploring the structural properties, which induce the greatest coordination performance. The outcome of our suggest that there is correlation between certain network measures such as density, centrality and betweenness and coordination performance measures of defect management systems such as quality and timeliness.     

基于学习和知识共享的企业文化探析

随着知识经济时代的到来和全球经济一体化的发展,企业面临的市场竞争日益激烈,创建基于学习和知识共享的企业文化是提高企业核心竞争力的必然选择。本文对企业文化的内容和功能进行界定,并分析了企业文化对企业学习和知识共享的重要性,最后提出基于学习和知识共享的企业文化建设的几条建议。     

改革30年来企业管理思想演进路径探析

改革开放30年企业管理思想随着中国经济体制改革同步演进,但远远落后于经济发展的步伐和节奏。企业管理思想受到国家工业经济战略布局思路、管理学科建设水平等结构性影响,企业管理思想演进呈现出西方管理思想一元论、中国管理思想丛林化和企业管理现实隔阂化的局面,同时企业管理思想演进一直呈现出科学性、开放性和人本化的路径趋势。     

HPLC法测定甲硝唑呋喃唑酮栓的含量

目的：用高效液相色谱法测定甲硝唑呋喃唑酮栓的含量。方法：用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;以甲醇－水（20：80）为流动相：检测波长为315nm;流速为1．0ml／min。结果：该方法在0．01033mg／ml～0．05165mg／mlmg／ml范围内,甲硝唑峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系。线性方程为Y=3．529E－5X＋4．569E－7,线性相关系数r=0．9999,在0．01073mg／ml～0．05365mg／ml范围内,呋喃唑酮峰面积与质量浓度呈良好的线性关系。线性方程为Y=2．563E－5X＋3．563E－7,线性相关系数r=0．9999,回收率为99．5％和99．9％,重复性实验RSD=0．32％、RSD=0．22％（n=5）。结论：方法简便,快速,准确,适用于该产品质量控制。     

盐酸头孢他美酯片含量测定方法研究

目的：分析测定盐酸头孢他美酯片的含量。方法：利用高效液相色谱法。结果：该方法在O．04～0．4mg／ml范围内头孢他美酯面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为Y=3．289E-4X＋2．546E—1（r=0．999）。回收率为99．8％,RSD=0．52％。结论：方法简便,快速,准确,适用于该产品质量控制。