有效教学理念下课堂讨论策略的运用

依据有效教学的理念，分析在课堂中实施讨论策略的重要性，并就如何在课堂中运用讨论策略提出见解，以期为提高课堂教学有效性提供借鉴和参考．     

铃兰族(广义)花粉形态与叶表皮特征的研究

对铃兰族(广义)7个属分别作了花粉(17种)扫描电镜观察和叶表皮(12种)的光学显微镜和 扫描电镜观察。花粉可分为8个类型。在狭义的铃兰族的4个属内，花粉全为远极单槽，舟状。它们 的外壁除夏须草属外，都具细孔。夏须草属的花粉外壁则为细皱。  Hutchinson(1934)的蜘蛛抱蛋族 花粉形态变异很大，其中开口箭属和万年青属的花粉为远极单槽，舟形，外壁具穿孔或网纹，而蜘蛛抱 蛋属的花粉则为球状，无萌发孔。其间的显著差异支持Nakai为前两个属建立万年青族(Rohdeae)。 表1归纳了7个属的花粉形态；图1是我们对铃兰族(广义)花粉形态演化的见解。叶表皮观察表明，气 孔器为无规则型，上表皮角质层主要为条纹加厚，或均匀加厚，而铃兰属的角质层秕糠状加厚。7个属的叶表皮特征归纳于表2。     

裸子植物的幼苗类型及其进化关系

 裸子植物的幼苗可分为3个类型、8个亚型。即：1．苏铁型，包括苏铁亚型、银杏亚型、南洋杉亚型；2．松型，包括杉亚型，松亚型，麻黄亚型；3．买麻膝型，包括买麻滕亚型，百岁兰亚型。类型和亚型都有特征描述，并有一个检索表。文中首先讨论了种子的起源是多元的，因而裸子植物的起源也应是多元的，是前裸子植物不同类型平行进化的结果。 又根据裸子植物幼苗类型的形态特征，提出裸子植物有4条进化路线，即：苏铁路线，银杏路线，松柏路线和买麻滕路线。还讨论幼苗类型之间的进化关系，认为除买麻滕型幼苗因其形态特殊有自己独特的发展路线外，总的趋势是由留土萌发向出土萌发发展。     

城市化与区域图书馆投资战略

本文通过对我国东中西部地区城市化进程的分析，论述了城市化与图书馆之间的紧密关系，以及在城市化过程中，区域图书馆所应采取的投资战略。     

The social strategy cone: Towards a framework for evaluating social media strategies

Social media is growing rapidly. Providing both risks and opportunities for organizations as it does. The social strategy cone is developed for evaluating social media strategies. This framework comprises of seven key elements of social media strategies as based on a systematic literature review and case studies. The results of 21 interviews have contributed to the construction of the social media strategy cone for analyzing social media strategies. Three levels of maturity of social media strategy are proposed: initiation, diffusion and maturity. Initiation includes the key elements: ‘target audience’ and ‘channel choice’ while all case organizations studied payed attention to these elements. Diffusion includes the elements: ‘goals’, ‘resources’ and ‘policies’. Maturity adds the elements of ‘monitoring’ and ‘content activities’. Only 3 of the 9 organizations studied are in this phase of maturity. Although, theory suggests the importance of the element of ‘monitoring’ our research shows the need for more attention in practice.     

Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study

This paper addresses the question of how technological transitions (TT) come about? Are there particular patterns and mechanisms in transition processes? TT are defined as major, long-term technological changes in the way societal functions are fulfilled. TT do not only involve changes in technology, but also changes in user practices, regulation, industrial networks, infrastructure, and symbolic meaning or culture. This paper practices ‘appreciative theory’ [R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Bellknap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982] and brings together insights from evolutionary economics and technology studies. This results in a multi-level perspective on TT where two views of the evolution are combined: (i) evolution as a process of variation, selection and retention, (ii) evolution as a process of unfolding and reconfiguration. The perspective is empirically illustrated with a qualitative longitudinal case-study, the transition from sailing ships to steamships, 1780–1900. Three particular mechanisms in TT are described: niche-cumulation, technological add-on and hybridisation, riding along with market growth.     

Exploring the forward citation patterns of patents based on the evolution of technology fields

Forward citations of patents have been used extensively to capture the impact of technological knowledge. However, our understanding of the factors shaping patent citation patterns remains limited. One of the main limitations is the lack of scholarly attention paid to the dynamic influences arising from the evolution of technology fields. From an evolutionary perspective, technological impact is not simply determined by the static attributes of a technology itself; it is also dynamically affected by changes in the external conditions. Drawing on this viewpoint, this study suggests a model for understanding patent citation patterns by reflecting the evolution of the technology fields to which each patent belongs. Four such factors are explored: technology cycle time, potential of technological convergence, popularity of the technology field, and technological novelty. Based on the proposed model, we show how expected citation patterns can change as a result of different scenarios for technology field evolution. We conduct a case study of patents in the information technology and healthcare industries to show citation patterns of patents across heterogeneous industries as well as those within an industry. Contributions to the innovation literature and research investment decisions are discussed.     

促进福建省学生体质与健康水平提升的对策研究

为探寻促进福建省学生体质健康水平提升的策略,应用文献资料法等方法,对2010年全国学生体质与健康调研结果进行分析,结果发现,全国学生的身体素质等总体呈显著下降状态。对此,应当注重提倡健康文明的生活方式,充分发挥体育与健康课程、健康教育课程的作用,注重科学锻炼理念的传输,同时应形成良好的生活习惯,拒绝烟酒,保持良好的睡眠...     

基于4Ps理论的高校图书馆外文信息服务营销策略

本文论述了营销理论在图书馆外文信息服务中的应用,分析了高校图书馆外文信息服务存在的问题及原因,并分析了如何通过利用营销的管理策略,来吸引更多读者,提高外文文献的利用率。     

浅析如何有效提高教学的时间效益

在教学的诸要素中,时间对教学的影响往往是隐性的,尤其是因制度和观念的落后所造成的时间浪费危害更大而不易被直观察觉,因此在实践中存在着大量教学时间的无谓遗失。文章试图结合教学时间在实践中的两种主要表现形式:教学时间的宏观结构和微观结构,来分析和探索如何有效提高教学的时间效益。