跨国投资中政治风险的评价

政治风险是企业在跨国经营中最重要的风险之一,也是近几年导致我国许多企业海外投资失败的重要原因,因此,加强对跨国投资中政治风险的防范显得尤为迫切。分析了跨国投资中政治风险的影响因素,并从宏观和微观层面对跨国投资中政治风险的现有评估方法进行了阐述和总结,提出了适合我国企业对跨国投资特定项目进行政治风险评估的框架体系和评价方法。     

完善我国义务教育投入制度的思考

我国现行义务教育投入存在着总量不足和区域发展不均衡等问题,调整投入格局,是解决我国义务教育投入问题的关键所在。应科学设计教育投入制度,变分项目、按比例、分级负担为分项目、分级负责,重新划定属于国家责任的义务教育事权,重新界定中央、省、地、县四级义务教育的投入责任体制。     

专用性投资类型、治理机制与海外知识获取的关系研究

本文从知识复杂度出发,探索代工专用性投资类型(资产类专用性投资和人力资本类专用性投资)与治理机制的匹配关系对海外知识获取的影响。应用AMOS17.0和SPSS16.0对229个中国代工企业样本数据进行实证检验,结论显示:(1)不同治理机制对不同类型专用性投资与海外知识获取关系具有不同的调节效应。具体来看,合同治理与资产类专用性投资的交互作用对海外知识获取有积极影响,关系治理与人力资本类专用性投资的交互作用对海外知识获取有积极影响,而不合理的匹配关系(即合同治理VS人力资本类专用性投资;关系治理VS资产类专用性投资)对海外知识获取的影响是不显著的。(2)专用性投资类型与治理机制的匹配效应随知识复杂度的变化而变化。具体来看,在知识复杂度较低的情况下,合同治理与资产类专用性投资的交互作用对海外知识获取的促进作用更显著。在知识复杂度较高的情况下关系治理与人力资本类专用性投资的交互作用对海外知识获取的促进作用更显著。上述研究阐明了代工专用性资产类型、治理机制和知识复杂度的匹配关系对海外知识获取的影响,有助于指导代工企业依据专用性资产类型和知识复杂度选择适宜的治理机制,进而获取更好的海外知识获取绩...     

邓宁的OLI理论扩展及其对我国的启示

邓宁的国际生产折衷理论(OH)经历了三次显著的完善:一是针对学术界对OH批评的完善,主要反映在013分析范式中动态化方面;二是针对近二十年来经济全球化对OH进行扩展;三是最近几年邓宁将制度作为重要的因素纳入OLI分析范式.三次完善增强了OH分析范式对跨国公司对外直接投资的解释力.     

Cooperative learning: a relevant instructional model for physical education pre-service teacher training?

Background: One of the key questions of physical education teacher educators (PETE) programmes refers to whether future teachers are prepared to build knowledge and skills to feel self-efficacious in teaching physical education (PE). This issue concerns the instructional model of teaching used to help PE pre-service teachers to master both pedagogical knowledge and motor skills. According to this twofold challenge, the direct instruction (DI) is mainly used for pre-service teacher training. Beyond this traditional model, other instructional models as cooperative learning (CL) approach arise in the initial PE teacher education. Nevertheless, surrounding attempts at innovation, little information related to the instructor’s role. Under the social cognitive perspective of self-efficacy and instructional competency building, more information is currently expected with regard to the strategies the instructor uses to scaffold the mastery of skills for PE pre-service teachers’ effective teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to consider whether PE pre-service teachers are trained during short training sessions aimed to discover new physical activities. We examine the influence of a scaffolding procedure (CLS design) on PE pre-service teachers’ knowledge, skills and self-efficacy in comparison to a CL and a DI experience. This leads to consider to what extent this instructional support provided by the instructor would help pre-service teachers to perceive themselves as self-efficacious to teach contents in PE.

Participants and design: After a pre-test, sixty-nine PE pre-service teachers were randomly assigned to one of the three following conditions: CL (14 males and 7 females); CLS (20 males and 8 females) or direct instruction condition (DI; 12 males and 8 females). For the training session a selected CL procedure (Jigsaw) [Aronson, Elliot, and Shelley Patnoe. 1997. The Jigsaw Classroom: Building Cooperation in the Classroom. 2nd ed. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley Educational]) was used to split CL and CLS participants into mixed-sex teams, whereas DI participants practiced the same exercises in dyads. According to the training conditions, the same instructor provided different information to participants along the three 2-hour instructional sessions with regard to: (a) warm-up (DI), (b) CL organization (CL), and (c) scaffolding integrated into a CL implementation (CLS).

Data collection: A Pre-test/post-test design was used to consider PE pre-service teacher’s motor skill, knowledge for practice, and self-efficacy improvements. The post-test also examined participants’ pedagogical knowledge.

Findings: The results showed that the participants in the three conditions progressed on performance, knowledge for practice, knowledge for teaching, and self-efficacy. Although no difference was found in self-efficacy between the three training conditions over time, significant differences appeared on pedagogical knowledge or/and motor skills with an advantage for the CL and CLS participants, respectively.

Conclusion: Although short training sessions dedicated to discovering new sports stay problematic for teacher professional development, implementing CL pre-service teacher training designs would be a relevant alternative. Instructional knowledge would be developed mainly when they have explicitly access to information concerning the teacher intervention. Nevertheless, such a scaffolding procedure integrated into CL training designs would need to be applied repeatedly to various physical activities to have an impact on pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy.     

美国信托投资原则的演变初探

从发展的角度来看,美国信托投资原则可分为三个历史阶段。首先,1869年,纽约州上诉法院创设了禁止信托投向股票的判例法。绝大多数州予以效仿。其根本原因是当时的通货膨胀率很低。其次,1937年,密歇根州率先摈弃安全投资原则,而代之以谨慎投资原则。绝大多数州予以效法。其根本原因是当时的通货膨胀率很高,致使安全投资受损。最后,1992年之后,美国联邦成文法实质上要求,信托设立有效投资组合。其根本原因是当代投资组合理论的兴起。     

Learning grammar through singing? An intervention with EFL primary school learners

Singing has been advocated as an efficient supplementary strategy in language teaching, but little is known about its effect on grammar learning. We conducted an intervention study (five lessons) with primary EFL learners (N = 57, mean age = 8.67, SD = 0.60) who were taught new vocabulary and grammar through either singing or speaking lyrics. The control group had new vocabulary introduced during regular lessons. Language gains were assessed through pre-, post-, and follow-up tests; affect was measured after each lesson. Students in the singing group showed similar vocabulary gains to students in the control group and larger gains than students in the speaking group. Importantly, singing students outperformed both groups on spelling and grammar learning. Positive affect was similar across intervention groups, but only the singing group showed significantly enhanced positive affect compared to the control group. Overall, results indicate a potential benefit of singing for grammar learning.     

Utilisation of an online forum to engage adolescents with autism in direct participation in qualitative research

Difficulties with social communication may present challenges in gathering data from individuals with autism in research. To encourage individuals with autism to participate directly in research, methods that allow for autistic symptomology should be considered. An online forum was developed to enable adolescents with autism to share their social experiences. Ten female adolescents with autism, aged 12 to 19, engaged with the forum over 12 weeks. Questions were posted weekly and data were collected on the frequency of participant responses, quality of responses, and participants' engagement with each other. Data indicated that the frequency and quality of participants' responses were high, and participants' engagement with each other facilitated the introduction of new topics. The online forum was an effective tool for adolescents with autism to have direct participation in research. It offers promise in future studies as a practical research tool that accommodates the social communication challenges of individuals with autism.     

公共体育投资的项目评估方法初探

体育服务存在着私人性和公共性之分，生产体育服务的物资投资也是如此，但体育投资的主体是公共投资。本文提供了一种市场无明显缺陷条件下的公共体育投资的项目评估方法，以期推动学术界对公共体育投资效益的定量研究。     

Financial returns,price determinants,and genre effects in American art investment

Past studies on art investment generally have found that returns are low and risk is high. In this study we find that the return to art investment is more in line with traditional investments and thus the cost for consumption associated with art seems fairly small. Employing a large sample of paintings by 66 American artists sold at auction between 1971–1992, average returns are found to be over 9 per cent and 3 per cent in nominal and real terms, respectively. The model employs a log linear price regression estimated by pooled cross section and time series data, and allows rates of return as well as hedonic values for various painting and auction attributes to be estimated. These include size, media, age of execution, authenticity of the work, and auction month and house. In addition, rates of return are differentiated by artist, time period of investment, price range and genre of the painting. The findings indicate significant sensitivity of rates of return to these data stratifications.This paper was presented at the 9th international conference of the Association for Cultural Economics, held in Boston, May 8–11, 1996.