Differential effects of norm-referenced and self-referenced feedback on performance expectancies,attributions, and motivation

When feedback is provided to students in a norm-referenced manner that compares the individual's performance to that of others, people who perform poorly tend to attribute their failures to lack of ability, expect to perform poorly in the future, and demonstrate decreased motivation on subsequent tasks. The present study examined the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of failure might be attenuated when failure is expressed in self-referenced terms—relative to the individual's known level of ability as assessed by other measures. In this study, subjects received feedback indicating that they did well or poorly on an anagram test, and this feedback was described as either norm-referenced (comparing the individual's performance to that of others) or as self-referenced (comparing performance to other measures of the individual's ability). As predicted, compared to norm-referenced failure, self referenced feedback resulted in higher expectancies regarding future performance and increased attributions to effort. Contrary to expectations, attributions to ability were not affected. The implications of the results for the structure of academic feedback are discussed.     

基于新型城镇化的长株潭城市群产业园区转型升级研究

该文阐述了新型城镇化与产业园区的互动关系,总结了长株潭城市群城镇化和产业园区基本发展概况,分析了在新型城镇化背景下长株潭产业园区存在的问题。最后从集群发展、产城融合、集约发展、绿色发展及园区整合等方面提出了园区转型升级的建议,以期为其产业园区的发展提供一定的基础性参考。     

The perception,management and performance of risk amongst Forest School educators

This article investigates how risk perception amongst teachers within an outdoor educational initiative, Forest School, both shape and are shaped by their understandings of childhood, pedagogy and their own professional identity. Drawing on a social constructionist perspective in theorising risk and childhood, the article argues that contemporary, hyper-sensitised concerns regarding children’s vulnerability emanate from both fears of the modern world, and the proclivity towards over-protection which these fears precipitate. Rather than treating this hyper-sensitivity as irrational or paranoid, the paper draws on socio-cultural theories and qualitative methods to interrogate how risk is perceived, managed and performed by teachers within an initiative which aims to reintroduce risk into children’s lives. The research found that while these teachers’ motivations to participate in Forest School were derived from a desire to expose children to formative risk-taking in the outdoors, the hegemonic cultural and institutional risk aversion which they were attempting to counter, aligned with their contested occupational identity, created tensions in how they managed and performed risk which militated against the full realisation of a Forest School pedagogy.     

林业重点工程对农民收入流动的影响研究

1998年以来,中国先后启动了天然林保护工程、退耕还林工程、京津风沙源治理工程等六项林业重点工程,每项林业重点工程采取了补贴、限制或者禁止林木商业采伐、禁止利用等多项政策。采用15个案例县的1995-2006年3096个样本数据分析林业重点工程对农民收入流动和收入长期不平等的影响,采用计量经济学分析方法,计量每个林业重点工程对农民收入流动的影响。研究结果显示:1)样本农户的收入流动总体很低;2)六项林业重点工程对样本农户收入流动表现出不同的影响。京津风沙源治理工程、退耕还林工程和防护林工程的实施在不同程度上促进了样本农户收入流动;天然林保护工程、野生动植物保护与自然保护区工程和重点地区速生丰产林基地建设工程对样本农户收入流动没有显著的影响;产生这些格局的原因在于林业重点工程的政策及其区域分布不同所致。     

内江市公园绿地土壤重金属Cu分布研究

对内江市大干园、塔山公园、大洲广场、人民公园0-20cm土层中的Cu、有机质和pH值进行研究,以农耕地为对照,结果表明：（1）土壤中Cu含量塔山公园显著低于人民公园,各公园绿地与农耕地差异不显著,各公园绿地土壤Cu为国家一级标准;（2）不同坡位Cu含量总体表现为：下坡＞中坡＞上坡;（3）各绿地土壤pH值为7.4～8.33,有机质含量差异不显著;（4）公园绿地土壤中Cu含量与有机质、pH值之间相关性不显著.     

《城市森林》诗话——读颜邦逸诗

以历史文化、文艺美学的交叉视线投射诗选集《城市森林》,多向地阐发其城市森林合谐的内蕴与艺术构成。指出关涉爱情篇什既有故实而又“恍兮惚兮”,情韵朦胧,具备历来优秀爱情诗为人称道的素质;森林诸咏的突破在于题材的开拓和诗的想象世界中审美对象的创造性发现;咏夫妻、父母、兄弟亲情诸诗,本古义而赋新声,其意深挚而深远;抒发对下层人民深切同情、悲悯,表达对国家大事高度关注之作佳句迭出。能在新旧两体诗之间穿走而成果灼然者甚少,而作者确乎新旧体诗均有成就。新体诗近口语而非口语,旧体诗似古人而非古人,不仅可以作为语言艺术佳品欣赏而流传,而且可以作为当代诗歌研究对象而存在。     

A communication approach to the acculturation process: A study of Korean immigrants in Chicago

This paper explores a theoretical and methodological basis for studying foreign immigrants' acculturation processes from a communication perspective. Communication patterns of immigrants are conceptualized on three levels — behavioral, attitudinal, and perceptual. The behavioral level of communication includes the immigrant's participation in communication channels of the host society as well as the ethnic community. The perceptual level refers to the immigrant's cognitive structure in perceiving the host society. The attitudinal level is examined by the immigrant's affective-evaluative orientation toward the host society. The three levels of communication patterns were empirically investigated in a survey of 400 randomly selected Koreans in the Chicago area. The communication variables were assessed through composite scores using questionnaire items that were tested for reliability. The results show an overall linear trend in the immigrant's interethnic communication with Americans, positive attitude toward Americans, cognitive complexity in perceiving the American society, and satisfaction level. A simultaneous increase is observed in the immigrant's interpersonal communication with Americans and with other Koreans. The immigrant's use of ethnic media rapidly decreases over the years while that of American media steadily increases. Findings are discussed in comparison to previous studies of foreign immigrants and students and to sociological theories of acculturation of minority groups.     

我国集体林权制度改革面临的主要问题与应对之策

此次集体林权制度改革是继土地承包制改革之后又一次事关亿万农民切身利益的重大变革。目前,集体林改的各项工作正在有序进行,也取得了一定成绩,但问题仍然存在。明晰产权、加大金融支持、规范林权流转等是当前应该采取的对策。     

读懂集体林权制度改革的真谛——中共国家林业局党校第三十五期党员领导干部进修班赴福建省教学考察报告

福建省集体林权制度改革取得了明显成效,实现了三增、三活和三变。通过考察、探讨、交流,党校学员真正了解了改革,深化了对林改的认识和理解。林改是一篇大文章,其显性的意义和作用我们正在感受和体会,其深刻的含义和长期的作用,还需要我们在发展中领悟。身为务林人,既要为时代赋予的机遇而振奋,也要为肩负的使命而冷静,要用自己的努力成为续写改革新篇章的实践者。