语言测试信度计算及其在外语教学中的应用

信度是指测验结果的一致性程度或者可靠性程度,主要有重测信度、折半信度、复本信度、评分员信度等。计算方法常用的有Spearman-Brown Prophecy计算法、克朗巴赫α系数估算法、Kuder-Richardson20和Kuder-Richardson21计算法等。分析和研究信度计算方法,理解信度含义,正确运用信度概念,对改进语言测试设计、提高语言测试质量十分重要。     

The Potential Impacts of Upcoming High-Stakes Testing on the Teaching of Science in Elementary Classrooms

In 1983, the National Commission on Excellence in Education in the United States issued a report called A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. This report and other policy initiatives such as the No Child Left Behind Legislation recommended that the individual states institute assessments to hold schools accountable. This research explored the potential impact of impending standardised testing on teaching science in elementary schools in one school district in Florida. We explored the teachers' concerns about the upcoming high-stakes tests in science, possible impact on their curriculum and what changes, if any, will be made in the approach to science teaching and learning in their classrooms. As the teachers look toward the implementation of high-stakes testing in science, they have recognised the need to teach science. This recognition is not borne out of the importance of science learning for elementary school children, but rather out of fear of failure and the effects of tangible rewards or punishments that accompany high-stakes testing. In anticipation, the teachers are preparing to align their teaching to the science standards while aggressively searching for test preparatory materials. Schools are also involved in professional development and structural changes to facilitate teaching of science.     

Statistical Power in Evaluations That Investigate Effects on Multiple Outcomes: A Guide for Researchers

Researchers are often interested in testing the effectiveness of an intervention on multiple outcomes, for multiple subgroups, at multiple points in time, or across multiple treatment groups. The resulting multiplicity of statistical hypothesis tests can lead to spurious findings of effects. Multiple testing procedures (MTPs) are statistical procedures that counteract this problem by adjusting p values for effect estimates upward. Although MTPs are increasingly used in impact evaluations in education and other areas, an important consequence of their use is a change in statistical power that can be substantial. Unfortunately, researchers frequently ignore the power implications of MTPs when designing studies. Consequently, in some cases, sample sizes may be too small, and studies may be underpowered to detect effects as small as a desired size. In other cases, sample sizes may be larger than needed, or studies may be powered to detect smaller effects than anticipated. This paper presents methods for estimating statistical power for multiple definitions of statistical power and presents empirical findings on how power is affected by the use of MTPs.     

苏云金杆菌内毒素和外毒素的提取及生物测定

苏云金杆菌是目前世界上生产量最大的一种微生物杀虫剂，广泛应用于农业生产实践中。苏云金杆菌的主要杀虫毒性来自内毒素，本文对苏云金杆菌的内毒素进行了提取，利用菜蛾与斜纹夜蛾进行了生物测定，并且对其分泌的另外一种杀虫谱更广的外毒素进行了初步测定。     

利用听写提高学生运用语言的能力

听写作为一种测试手段,能够比较全面的反映出学生运用语言的能力。听写教学中学生的问题包括语音、词汇、语法、语篇的理解以及标点符号和书写形式方面。正确开展听力教学包括听写技巧的培养、听写材料的选择、听写后的检查等。     

Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate cross-cultural research: identifying and understanding non-invariance

Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) allows researchers to determine whether a research inventory elicits similar response patterns across samples. If statistical equivalence in responding is found, then scale score comparisons become possible and samples can be said to be from the same population. This paper illustrates the use of MGCFA by examining survey results relating to practising teachers' conceptions of feedback in two very different jurisdictions (Louisiana, USA, n?=?308; New Zealand, n?=?518), highlighting challenges which can occur when conducting this kind of cross-cultural research. As the two contexts had very different policies and practices around educational assessment, it was considered possible that a common research inventory may elicit non-equivalent responding, leading to non-invariance. Independent models for each group and a joint model for all participants were tested for invariance using MGCFA and all were inadmissible for one of the two groups. Inspection of joint model differences in item loadings, scale reliabilities, and scale inter-correlations established the extent of non-invariance. This paper discusses the implications of non-invariance within this particular study and identifies difficulties in using an inventory in cross-cultural settings. It also provides suggestions about how to increase the likelihood that a common factor structure can be recovered.     

基于OBE理念的机械工程测试技术综合实验改革探索

"机械工程测试技术"是一门对实践性要求非常高的专业基础课程,而当前测试技术实验教学中存在诸多问题。该文针对该课程,基于OBE教学模式的理念,在基础实验训练的基础上,增设综合性自主设计实验,从仪器设备、实验过程、结果评价等方面进行系统的教学模式改革。改革结果表明,基于OBE教育理念的教学改革,不仅弥补了传统测试技术实验教学的弊端,而且满足了我院机械工程和相关专业本科生的教学需要。     

The enactment of literacy curriculum policy by early childhood teachers in two Australian schools

Since the early 2000s, literacy education has become an area of intense focus in Australian education policy, positioned to have a role in Australia's pursuit of enhanced international competitiveness in the “global knowledge economy”. Policy called for improvements in literacy outcomes, monitored by mandated annual assessments, and policy statements recognised the need to establish solid literacy foundations in early childhood to facilitate learning, and desired improvements, in later years. This article is derived from a larger study that investigated the production and enactment of literacy curriculum policy by early childhood teachers in Australian schools. It focuses on the school level within the State of Western Australia, presenting findings derived from thematic and critical discourse analysis of participant interview and documentary data collected in two case‐study schools. Comparative analysis revealed that literacy curriculum policy processes in both case‐study schools were focused on achieving improved test results in mandated testing regimes. This was impacting upon literacy curriculum in the early childhood years of schooling, in Australia deemed to involve children up to 8 years of age, in many, possibly adverse, ways. These findings may offer insights in other contexts about literacy curriculum policy processes that are focused on enhancing competitive positioning.     

论普通话水平测试评分中的非客观因素及解决对策

普通话水平测试是对应试人掌握和运用普通话所达到规范程度的检测。应试人在测试中被评定的普通话等级应该是客观、可靠的。但普通话水平测试是一种口语测试,主观性很强,不同与于笔试中的选择题和是非题,评分难以客观、准确,常常出现较大的误差,降低了测试的信度。在评分中影响客观化的因素我们称之为非客观因素。本文主要谈谈PSC评分中出现的非客观因素的干扰及尽量减少这些因素的有效措施。     

"两课"考试方法改革的认识与实践

“两课”考试改革是“两课”教学改革和全面实现高职培养目标的需要。在“两课”考试改革中,理论考核与实践考核并重,理论考核重能力,实践考核重表现,坚持全程考核。