European academic labor markets in transition

Even if convergences are to be observed among the orientations adopted by higher education policies in European countries, they still are characterized by strong national features. One of the most striking national patterns of each system is its academic labor market, salaries, status, recruitment procedures, workloads, career patterns, promotion rules, being very different from one country to another. Nevertheless, specific national academic labor markets are experiencing a common evolution that can be summed up by the emergence of more regulated internal labor markets. At the same time, the qualification of the academic production (knowledge) as a public good is questioned and academic activities rely less on individual autonomy than before. Two main transformations can be mentioned: the development of individual assessment and incentive devices in universities and the increasing role of higher education institutions in the issues previously in the domain of the academic profession. The paper relies on a limited number of cases and on empirical studies recently carried out in France and Germany. The evolution engaged in the two countries will be reviewed in order to show that they lead, in different ways, to more regulated ‘‘internal labor markets’’. It will also be argued that this is a general trend. In the last section, the implications linked to this evolution and the questions raised, the role of the academic profession, and the transformation of the status of scientific and pedagogical activities will be discussed.     

若干国家研究生教育发展战略的调整及其启迪

文章按照研究生教育发展模式特殊性和战略调整的框架，比较分析了德、英、美、日等四个发达国家20世纪90年代以来研究生教育发展战略的调整，并对我国实践提出了三点建议。     

"弩炮计划"的缘起--1940年法国单独停战与英国的对策研究

“弩炮计划”是英国战时内阁在法国败降后做出的一项重要决策，旨在消除法国舰队的潜在威胁。作为对法国单独停战的回应，该计划不仅是一个预防性的军事行动计划，同时也是英国政府在国家存亡的危机关头决意单独对德作战的外交活动中的重要一环。其决策过程实际上是英国在战与和的战略问题上进行抉择的一个缩影。     

国外高职教育的启示

我国高职教育已呈现出前所未有的发展势头,但要在经济全球化的背景下长期生存与发展,还需要向世界发达国家的职业教育进行学习借鉴。所以,研究国外高职教育的成果,吸取他们的办学经验,对于推进我国高职教育的改革与建设有着较为重要的意义。     

行业组织在职业教育与培训中的作用——德国、澳大利亚经验及启示

德国、澳大利亚行业组织充分发挥联系政府、职业学校和企业的中介作用，促进职业教育和培训的发展。借鉴其经验，我国应以立法形式赋予行业组织参与职业教育与培训的管理权、决策权，制定相关政策鼓励行业组织积极参与职业教育与培训的日常管理，统一和完善职业能力标准和国家资格证书制度。同时，行业组织也要发挥桥梁和主导作用，协助政府办好职业教育。     

德国高职教育的见闻与思考

通过分析德国职业技术教育取得的成功经验，及其“双元制”教育的利弊，对目前我国高职教育提出了四点建议。     

The Situation in Industry and the Loss of Interest in Science Education

The case of Germany is taken as an example of cyclical variation in higher education enrolment in the sciences. The article argues that the mechanism underpinning these fluctuations is the cobweb model. This model establishes a recursive loop between trends in enrolments in a discipline and trends in the labour market associated with this discipline. The analysis highlights two conditions that are required for the model to apply: the elasticity of higher education capacity and the segmentation of the labour market.     

Information, cooperation, and the blurring of boundaries – technology transfer in German and American discourses

The aim of this paper is to examine changing discursive conceptualizations of technology transfer mechanisms for speeding up innovation in Germany and the US since World War II with particular emphasis on universities. According to our analysis, the concepts of technology transfer are getting more and more complex, taking off from a linear model of innovation to a more complex model allowing for networking and entrepreneurial activities of the universities themselves. We suggest that the discourses in both countries can be framed employing three ideal-typical models: the information and documentation model, the cooperation model, and the blurring of boundaries model. In addition to these similarities, we also discuss differences that can be traced back to broader political cultures in which technology transfer is embedded. Both similarities and differences allow for a comparative perspective which is not limited to the countries analyzed here.     

德国FH实践教学模式的特色剖析

对德国FH这种典型的高职实践教学模式的目标、方法和组成部分进行剖析,认为其特色可以概括为"企业主导注重实践过程管理型",并对其根据进行评析,以期对我国的高职实践教学有所启示.     

德国高校医学院的两种课程模式

以德国马丁·路德大学医学院和柏林洪堡大学查理特医学院为案例，浅析了德国高校医学教育的两种课程模式：以学科为中心的传统课程模式和以器官系统为基础的模块课程模式。前者以教材为本，以学科为中心，有助于学生系统完整地掌握医学知识；后者以器官系统或疾病为核心，将各学科知识横向或纵向整合在一个模块主题下，有助于各学科知识的相互渗透和融合。