An empirical study on the determinants of essential patent claims in compatibility standards

In the field of compatibility standards, an increasing number of companies claim to own so-called essential patents (i.e. those patents that are indispensable for designing and manufacturing products conforming to the standard). It is widely believed that the ownership of such patents is a very valuable bargaining tool in cross-license negotiations, while for non-producing firms such patents may result in a substantial stream of licensing revenues. In this paper we study the determinants of essential patent claims in compatibility standards. In particular, we assess the role of two main factors: the significance of the technological solution contained in the patent and the involvement of the applicant of the patent in the standardisation process. We examine the case of W-CDMA, one of the most successful standards in mobile telecommunications. We compare the patents claimed essential for this standard with a control group of randomly selected, unclaimed patents covering the same time period and technology classes. We find empirical evidence that both factors have significant impact on the probability that a patent is claimed as essential, but the involvement in the standardisation process is a stronger determinant than the technical value (‘merit’) of the patent. On the basis of our findings, we offer policy recommendations.     

科技进步法第20条和第21条的立法比较与完善

 结合科技进步法第20条和第21条有关规定,对照美国拜杜法案等有关内容,从比较法角度考察了中国与美国、日本、中国台湾地区、俄罗斯等国(地区)在上述立法模式选择及其制度安排上的异同。比较法制反思表明,我国将国家资助科技项目成果的知识产权保护与转化纳入科技进步法加以调整,其立法模式选择符合创新型国家建设的现实国情,不过其立法制度安排的体系化仍有待进一步推进。在其有关立法模式选择及其制度安排方面既要参照比较法制成果,更要体现本国科研体制及其社会发展需要。在其有关法制建设重心方面既要规范政府介入权行使,更要完善其权利配置机制并培育其知识产权意识。     

环境执法工作中的制约因素及对策分析

我国经济在经历了半个世纪的飞速发展后,环境问题触目惊心,尤其是大中型城市的环境污染问题更为突出。环境执法作为环境保护法律法规实施的重要环节,对于保障环境安全、维护公众环境权益具有重大的意义。而当前由于地方行政干预环境执法等一系列因素的限制,我国环境执法面临困难局面。应针对这些制约因素,提出完善环境执法的一系列建议。     

最高法答复及指导性案例对行政执法实践效力初探——基于对《行政处罚法》第42条“等”字的探究

《行政处罚法》第42条中“等”字究竟为“等内等”还是“等外等”,学界和实践中都有着相异的理解。最高人民法院先后发布了答复和第6号指导性案例,两者都明确“等”字为不完全列举,即行政处罚听证的范围不限于“责令停产停业、吊销许可证或者执照、较大数额罚款”三种,“没收较大数额违法所得”也应纳入听证程序。然而,对于答复和指导性案例的效力,其是否只辐射于司法系统内部,对行政执法实践是否也有参考意义,可否作为其执法的依据？实践中很多规章的理解与指导性案例精神相违背,从规范行政意义言之,行政执法过程中的法律依据也急需明确。     

我国知识产权制度及其政策的演变和调整方向

本文从我国知识产权制度及促进其运用政策的演变出发,研究知识产权制度和促进其运用的政策存在的 问题,分析各种政策工具的使用情况,探讨知识产权制度本身存在的缺陷及制约知识产权运用的因素,提出未来的调 整方向,为有关部门的政策调整提供参考。     

探讨普通高校学生校内群体竞赛的组织与实施

运用文献资料、访问调查等方法，了解高校学生校内群体竞赛的现状与存在的不足，分析其原因，并提出改革思路，力求探索全新的学生校内群体竞赛模式，为学校体育改革提供依据。     

对地图市场现状的思考

考察了当前我国地图市场所存在的一系列问题，并分析产生这些问题的原因，提出整顿和规范地图市场的基本对策并探索建立地图市场有序竞争良性运作环境的机制和模式。     

论高职学生心理挫折承受力的培养

当今时代充满着竞争、挑战和风险,高职学生在学习、人际关系、社会期待和择业就业等方方面面都会产生这样那样的挫折感。因此,如何引导他们正确认识挫折,帮助他们改善挫折情境,培养他们的心理承受力,是提高高职学生心理素质的关键。     

建立公路执法人员培训长效机制研究

分析了新形势下公路执法存在的问题,对建立公路执法人员培训长效机制进行研究,提出了改进建议.     

Analyzing the evidence of an IPR take-off in China and India

Both China and India have been experiencing a historical take-off in the use of intellectual property rights (IPR). In terms of trademark applications filed with domestic IP offices in 2009, the evidence demonstrates that China now ranks 1st worldwide and India 5th, while for patent filings China ranks 3rd worldwide and India ranks 9th. This performance is remarkable as both China and India experienced negligible demand for IPR protection as recently as two decades ago. The IPR take up trends in these two countries are analyzed in detail, highlighting the structure of patent and trademark demand since 1990. Specifically, the available series are broken down and analyzed according to: (i) national versus foreign origin of patents and trademarks; (ii) technological (IPC) and trademark (NICE) classes; and (iii) the major individual patent users in each country. The data used refers to applications in the Chinese and Indian IP offices although the demand from residents of these two countries in both the international and other national systems is also assessed. Beyond the existing momentum in IPR registrations by China and India and their capacity to maintain it into the near future, the paper addresses practical questions about the strategies, motives and benefits behind the current trends. In particular, we seek to evaluate the capacity of both China's and India's National Innovation Systems to internalize the potential returns of this increasing demand for IPR. The insight reached finds that should both China and India sustain their current IPR growth rates, they will be able to catch up with the most advanced economies within the time span of a few decades.