Maarif: transformation of a concept in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the nineteenth century

During the Ottoman period, ‘science (ilim, pl. ulûm)’, ‘knowledge (marifet, pl. maarif)’ and ‘technique (fen, pl. fünûn)’ emerged as three important concepts of knowledge. Maarif, which came into prominence with Selim III, began to undergo a semantic transformation together with the concepts of ulûm and fünûn and by the time of Mahmud II it had become an overarching concept representing the knowledge dimension of the new era. This article discusses the semantic transformation of maarif, focusing on the period between 1789 and 1839. This study applies the history of concepts approach developed by Reinhart Koselleck, whereby a synchronic analysis of the concept of maarif is undertaken alongside an examination of its diachronic dimension. This reveals an ambiguous and multi-dimensional structure and helps us to account for its evolution as an umbrella term.     

A framework for enabling graduate outcomes in undergraduate programmes

Our research aim was to determine what enables engagement with graduate outcomes in tertiary institutions in Aotearoa/New Zealand. We used a mixed methods approach comprising a survey sent to all tertiary institutions, follow-up interviews with 10 academic leaders and eight case studies of good practice of programmes engaged with graduate outcomes across four institutions. Using a general inductive approach, analysis of the academic leader interviews generated five categories of enablers: external drivers, structural/procedural, development, student achievement and contextual enablers. Combining these enablers led to an integrating framework for institutional engagement in the development of graduate outcomes. Drawing on wider datasets from the survey, interviews and cases studies, relevant strategies were identified that staff and students perceived influenced the development of graduate outcomes. The framework and the associated strategies adopt a ‘whole-of-institution’ approach, which is inclusive of programmes, staff and students and their individual histories, traditions, cultures and purposes thus allowing for each institution’s unique characteristics.     

Multiobjective optimization and multivariable control of the beer fermentation process with the use of evolutionary algorithms

INTRODUCTIONThefermentationprocesshasgreatscientificandpracticalimportance.Forseveralreasons,qua-litycontrol,forexample,itisimportanttoincludeallkindsoftechnologicaladvancesintheindustrialprocesses.Thisisthemainaimofourresearch,whichisverycomplexduetothenon-linearityofthestudiedphenomena.Themathematicalmodelsfoundinliteratureincludeonlylaboratoyconditions.Amathematicalmodelhasbeendevelopedforthebeerfermentationprocessbecauseoftheadvantagesthatitprovides.Itallowssimulatingwhatcanhappenwhe…     

英国首先发生工业革命原因之新解

工业革命首先发生在英国和英国特有的心理文化因素有着紧密的联系,心理的动力对英国经济增长产生了强烈的作用力。市民等级追求财富自由的欲望、清教的宗教意识以及从17世纪就开始的为个人追求私有财产正名的思想运动,这些都促使了英国工业民族精神特别是“合理谋利”精神的产生。     

能源经济专业《行业节能》课程教学环节设计

能源经济专业是一个新兴的本科专业,其课程体系中的许多课程都有待摸索与改进。《行业节能》是能源经济的一门专业课,既涉及国家的节能政策、法律法规,又涉及主要的高耗能行业。本文分析了课程的教学目标、内容的安排、教学方法、考核等教学环节的设计。     

Which direction for bachelor and master programmes? A stocktaking of the Bologna process

The introduction of a tiered structure of study programmes and degrees is a core aspect of the Bologna Process. Based on recent empirical studies on the implementation of bachelor and master programmes in a number of European countries, an assessment is made of whether the Bologna Process has progressed in this area. However, given the multitude of expectations and different national reform contexts, it is argued that the impacts of measures taken in the framework of the Bologna Process are difficult to assess. Hence, in the conclusion the article points to a number of unsolved problems still existing to achieve the objectives of the Bologna Process.     

政府在产业集群的形成和发展中所起的作用

在全球化的背景下，产业集群成为推动地方经济莲勃发展的一个重要方面。本文探讨了政府如何对产业集群的形成和发展起到好作用，及在产业集群发展的不同阶段，政府应有的作用和行为。     

New project system for undergraduate electronic engineering

A new approach to projects for undergraduate electronic engineering in an Australian university has been applied successfully for over 10 years. This approach has a number of projects running over three year period. Feedback from past graduates and their managers has confirmed that these projects train the students well, giving them the ability and confidence to work independently and collectively in the industrial world. Due to their importance to universities, staff and students alike, together with the potential heavy financial burden on the universities, careful planning has to be undertaken before implementing such projects. This paper presents some detailed suggestions on how such projects should be administered and operated as well as setting out possible criteria to assist supervisors in evaluating the final product from such projects.     

对惠州市惠城区工业园区建设的调查与思考

工业园区是现代工业经济模式的主要取向。惠城区是全市经济发展的领头羊,在工业园区建设方面有许多独到之处。对惠城区在建设工业园区的得失成败进行总结并提出对策, 无疑具有指导意义。     

湖南区域开发与布局研究

本文探讨了湖南区域开发系统模式——“据点开发、轴线开发、网络开发三阶段”模式,并建议,四大产业带、四大经济发展圈的开发应实施“非均衡协调发展”战略。确定重点开发湘东产业带、环洞庭湖经济发展圈和长株潭经济发展圈。