The birth of a new industry: entry by start-ups and the drivers of firm growth: The case of encryption software

The paper analyses the birth of the encryption software industry (ESI), a new niche in the software industry. Using a Chandlerian perspective, this work reports the main facts about firm entry and growth, with a particular focus on start-up strategies and actions.Since scale economies do not play a major role in ESI, the paper investigates the different sources of firm competitive advantages.This work shows that innovation and product differentiation, along with investments in co-specialised assets, are variables strongly correlated to young firm probability to survive and grow. In doing so, we have collected highly detailed information on product introduction, US patents granted, worldwide alliances and biographical data of firm founders.     

Scientific teams and institutional collaborations: Evidence from U.S. universities, 1981-1999

This paper explores recent trends in the size of scientific teams and in institutional collaborations. The data derive from 2.4 million scientific papers written in 110 top U.S. research universities over the period 1981-1999. The top 110 account for a large share of published basic research conducted in the U.S. during this time.We measure team size by the number of authors on a scientific paper. Using this measure we find that team size increases by 50% over the 19-year period. We supplement team size with measures of domestic and foreign institutional collaborations, which capture the geographic dispersion of team workers. The time series evidence suggests that the trend towards more geographically dispersed scientific teams accelerates beginning with papers published at the start of the 1990s. This acceleration suggests a sharp decline in the cost of collaboration. Our hypothesis is that the decline is due to the deployment of the National Science Foundation's NSFNET and its connection to networks in Europe and Japan after 1987.Using a panel of top university departments we also find that private universities and departments whose scientists have earned prestigious awards participate in larger teams, as do departments that have larger amounts of federal funding. Placement of former graduate students is a key determinant of institutional collaborations, especially collaborations with firms and with foreign scientific institutions. Finally, the evidence suggests that scientific output and influence increase with team size and that influence rises along with institutional collaborations. Since increasing team size implies an increase in the division of labor, these results suggest that scientific productivity increases with the scientific division of labor.     

Do University policies make a difference?

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the technical universities have been more successful in facilitating the spillover and commercialization of knowledge. We compare the impact of technical and general universities on the performance of knowledge-based firms. Based on a unique data set consisting of publicly held high technology firms, the empirical evidence suggests that, in fact, firm performance is not influenced by the type of university. Technical universities do not have a differential impact on firm performance from more general universities.     

景天三七复合饮品的开发

以景天三七为主料，银杏叶及金银花为辅料，应用保健饮品的配置方法，探索最佳配方和工艺条件，开发出色、香、味俱佳的复合型保健饮品．用分光光度法测出该饮品中总黄酮的含量为0．0528mg／mL；用酸碱滴定法测出饮品中总生物碱的含量为0．0296mg／mL．     

R(L)型诱导空间及连通性

用R(L)-值下半连续函数引入了R(L)型诱导空间的概念．讨论了它的一些基本性质．证明了R(L)型诱导空间保持笛卡尔积；(L^x，δ)是连通空间当且仅当其R(L)型诱导空间是连通空间，给出了LF拓扑空间集与R(L)型诱导空间集之间建立的映射和生成映射ω的可交换性．     

对鹿蹄草化学成分的研究

本文对鹿蹄草中多种氨基酸和熊果甙和16种氨基酸,其中9种氨基酸是人体所必须的,熊果甙在人体中有杀菌作用.     

浅谈进出口业务会计核算的特点和难点

外贸公司的进出口业务会计核算与国内商品流通业务会计核算的内容相近，主要围绕着商品购进、储存、销售三个环节进行。其主要特点表现在六个方面：难点在出口销售收入和进口成本的确认及商品库存核算、汇兑损益的确认、出口退税的核算等三个方面。     

VPN技术在教育城域网中的应用

介绍了VPN主要技术和实现VPN的主要协议,论述了在教育城域网建设过程中如何选择所需的VPN协议和实现方案.     

Impact of light intensity on flowering time and plant quality of Antirrhinum majus L.cultivar Chimes White

Shades of different light intensities (29%, 43%, 54%, 60% or 68%) along with control (no shade) were studied to observe their effects on the flowering time and plant quality. A hyperbolic relationship was observed between different light intensities under shade, and time to flowering. The total number of flower buds showed a curvilinear relationship with light intensities. Growth parameters related to the plant characteristics such as plant height, leaf area and plant fresh weight were improved under shading treatments at the expense of flowering time and number of flower buds. However, both linear and polynomial models applied assumed that cultivar Chimes White was equally sensitive to light intensity throughout development.     

A CHASE domain containing protein kinase OsCRL4,represents a new AtCRE1-like gene family in rice

INTRODUCTION Cytokinins play a major role in many differentdevelopmental and physiological plant processes,such as cell division, regulation of root and shootgrowth and branching, chloroplast development,leaf senescence, stress response and pathogen re-sistance (Mok and Mok, 2001). Significant ad-vances have been achieved in our understanding ofcytokinin signaling, providing important insightsinto the molecular partners involved (Hutchisonand Kieber, 2002; Sheen, 2002). It had been…