电子资源许可协议模型研究

介绍电子资源许可协议模型出现的背景,以PA/JISC模型、NESLI模型、Big Easy模型以及加州大学CDL模型为例,深入剖析当前电子资源许可协议模型所关注的普遍问题;并从电子资源许可费用模式、电子资源使用数据、文献传递与馆际互借、电子资源长期保存等问题入手,分析图书馆在电子资源引进谈判中必须加以注意的重要问题,力求为图书馆高效开展电子资源建设提供提供有益的意见。     

Market size and innovation: The intermediary role of technology licensing

Previous literature finds that larger downstream markets fuel the innovation of new technologies by incentivizing firms to spend more on R&D. Our evidence shows that larger markets also increase the extent of licensing-based cooperation between upstream innovators and downstream commercializers. This cooperation is valuable because it pools firms’ complementary capabilities. Thus, downstream market expansions could positively impact innovative outcomes even holding R&D expenditures constant. Evidence is drawn from the drug candidate licensing market, exploiting the quasi-experimental variation introduced by the enactment of the Medicare Part D program in 2003. A model for the determination of equilibrium commercialization strategies in Markets for Technology rationalizes our finding. In this framework, cooperation gains are proportional to market size but transaction costs are not. Thus, larger downstream markets foster cooperation by reducing the relative importance of the latter. To better match the empirical context, the model extends the canonical “one technology–one application” framework of related work, to the more general case of “composite technologies,” which may have more than one end-user application.     

Understanding copyright in support of scholarship: Some possible challenges to scholars and academic librarians in the digital environment?

This paper examines the rationale for copyright and how the copyright exemption of the law promotes scholarship. It examines the possible challenges that may be faced by scholars and academic librarians in implementing the copyright fair dealing exemption in the digital environment following that digital information is protected by copyright law and licensing agreements. The paper attempts to propose possible measures that could be implemented for copyright exceptions to better function and promote scholarship in the digital environment.     

The anatomy of a troll? Patent licensing business models in the light of patent reassignment data

We examine patent licensing business models of non-practicing entities that generate revenue by selling, licensing, or litigating patents. They may also pursue R&D activities, invent new technologies, or provide services to inventors or product companies. We describe their business models and patent market behavior and then compare their litigation strategies against product companies using a matched sample of highly comparable patents. The main differences among patent licensing firms stem from their technological capabilities, patent portfolio sizes, and external relationships. We find that licensing firms with technological capabilities often pursue litigation until decision and engage in forum shopping. In contrast, litigation incidence, parties involved, and outcomes are primarily determined by patent characteristics, not entity types. Licensing business models drive the acquisition of certain types of patents that influence the outcomes of the patent system. We argue that patent policy should strengthen mechanisms to discover invention quality rather than focus on the amount of litigation or types of entities.     

论建设服务型政府与行政许可法

服务型政府是以提供公共服务为目标追求的政府,同时是个有限政府,有所为,有所不为,该管的事要管好,不可缺位,而那些属于市民社会自己能解决的问题,政府不可越位。建设有限政府,首先必须积极贯彻行政许可法的要求,减少审批项目,减政放权,因为行政许可是政府管理公共事务的主要手段,行政许可法的落实情况直接影响服务型政府建设的成效。政府还应该积极推进大部制改革,为行政许可法的实施铺平道路。     

基于GSI的网格安全改进授权模型设计与实现

一种面向数据库资源的网格安全基础架构:Database Grid Security Infrastructure(DGSI)模型。这种模型是一个基于GSI验证机制前提,针对数据库资源,面向网格环境的信息保护与共享安全的基础架构。该模型可为解决网格环境下的数据库资源授权、验证、信任等问题的设计与实现提供参考。     

对国家执业医师资格考试的思考

实施医师资格考试的实践证明,考试是成功的,达到了预期目的,但也面临着严峻的形势和考验,还有许多需要加强和完善的问题。要采取有效措施,使考试为净化医师队伍,提高医师队伍的素质,把好医师准入关,保证医疗质量及人民健康发挥作用。     

Developing reputation to overcome the imperfections in the markets for knowledge

In addition to exploiting knowledge in own products and services, firms may externally commercialize their knowledge assets, e.g., by means of licensing out technology. Despite strong imperfections in the markets for knowledge, the commercialization of knowledge assets has recently become a broader movement. However, prior research has often neglected the external mode of knowledge exploitation despite the contradictory situation that some pioneering companies realize enormous benefits whereas most other firms experience strong managerial difficulties. Therefore, we analyze whether firms may increase their performance in licensing out technology by initiating market pull effects due to the reputation of being a valuable knowledge provider. We derive six hypotheses regarding determinants and consequences of building reputation, taking into account technological turbulence as an external contingency factor. The hypotheses are tested with new measures and data from a questionnaire-based study of 152 firms across industries. The results show that firms may overcome the imperfections in the knowledge markets by actively developing reputation. The path-dependent nature of reputation contributes to explaining the discrepancies between the success of some pioneering companies and the difficulties of most other firms.     

Intermediating knowledge exchange between universities and businesses

The forging of links between universities and businesses is viewed increasingly as an important means of stimulating knowledge development that can lead to commercial innovation. Achieving effective knowledge exchange, however, requires the midwifery of different kinds of intermediaries often working in concert. Active and many faceted intermediation for the purposes of knowledge sharing and commercialization is essential when the knowledge is tacit or uncodified. The papers in this special section describe and discuss various intermediary mechanisms that assist universities in transferring knowledge and aiding the process of innovation. No single recipe is clearly superior but examining a variety of experiences helps to highlight the strengths of specific intermediary processes and to identify some of their shortcomings.     

斯坦福大学技术转移运转模式研究及启示

对斯坦福大学技术许可办公室运转模式进行研究与分析,梳理其参与高校科研成果走向市场的全过程,其从发明专利技术披露、评估、专利申请以及市场化推广与收益分成对高校技术转移的全过程开展跟踪与服务。在对斯坦福大学技术转移运转模式分析的基础上,结合我国现阶段高校技术转移现状及问题,提出若干政策建议,以期为我国高校的技术转移提供一些借鉴。