留兰香精油提取方法研究

将改良水蒸气法和浸提法进行比较,高效率地提取留兰香精油。实验证明：浸提法产率高于水蒸气法．根据不同溶剂的不同配比提取留兰香精油,确定了最佳的配比关系。结果显示：用无水乙醇和乙醚的体积比为1：1．5的混合液做溶剂时留兰香精油的产率最高,且油的质量也好。最后用气相色谱法鉴定出所提取的留兰香精油的成分。     

Lukasiewicz蕴涵算子的导出算子及其n值逻辑系统Ln

讨论了剩余类蕴涵算子之一Lukasiewicz蕴涵算子的导出算子的三值系统L3和n值逻辑系统Ln（n〉3）,首先给出了L3的真值表,它是C2真值表的扩充,它也保持MP规则和正则性,接下来讨论了b中的重言式（tautology）与IPC（inmitionistic propositional calculus）公理之间的关系以及L3的准重言式与C2的重吉式之间的关系。最后考虑了Ln中的予代数及不同逻辑系统Ln中重言式的比较。     

树和乘积图的圆L（j,k）-标号数（英文）

设j,k和m是3个正整数.给定一个图G.设f：V（G）→{0,1,…,m-1}是一个映射.如果对图G的任意一对相邻顶点u和v都有f（u）-f（v）m≥j,对任意一对距离为二的顶点都有f（u）-f（v）m≥k,其中a-bm=min{a-b,m-a-b},则称f是图G的一个圆m-L（j,k）-标号.使得图G有圆m-L（j,k）-标号的最小的正整数m称为图G的圆L（j,k）-标号数,记为σj,k（G）.对任意2个满足j≤k的正整数,确定了树以及2个完全图的笛卡尔乘积图和直积图的圆L（j,k）-标号数.     

民国安徽女诗人吕美荪及其诗作简论

吕美荪是民国时期著名的女诗人,性格豁达旷放,一生极具传奇色彩。其诗作极多,具有丰富的内涵,既有对时间的流逝与生命的浩叹,又表现了自己幽栖的心境和对各地景物的妙赏,同时还有很多唱和、赠别怀人之作。吕美荪的诗不仅想象奇诡、壮观、飞动,而且体现了＂力＂的二律背反与＂力＂的平行四边形状态的特点,同时又极具＂游＂的风神。     

A cognitive TV white space-broadband power line MIMO system for indoor communication networks

Broadband power line communication (BPLC) is a promising solution to satisfy the growing data rate demands for broadband indoor communication networks. However, the BPLC transmission power spectral density (PSD) is restricted in the very high frequency (VHF) band to avoid harmful interference to the existing wireless services. In this paper, a new hybrid system is proposed utilizing BPLC and cognitive radio over TV white space (TVWS) to enhance the system capacity over BPLC in VHF, forming a VHF TVWS BPLC multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. An iterative precoding algorithm is proposed to satisfy the interference limit at the TV primary user (PU) receiver (Rx) and enhance the ergodic capacity. Moreover, a power allocation algorithm is developed for the MIMO system to achieve the maximum ergodic capacity subject to the average total power constraint and limit of interference to TV PU. Simulation results demonstrate the significant enhancement in the achieved capacity by our proposed system in the VHF band compared to both previous cognitive and hybrid BPLC systems.     

“A tie is a tie? Gender and network positioning in life science inventor collaboration”

Collaborative relationships are an important anchor of innovative activity, and rates of collaboration in science are on the rise. This research addresses differences in men’s and women’s collaborative positioning and collaborator characteristics in science, and whether network influences on scientists’ future productivity may be contingent on gender. Utilizing co-inventor network relations that span thirty years of global life science patenting across sectors, geographic locations, and technological background, I present trends of men’s and women’s involvement in patenting and their collaborative characteristics across time. Amidst some network similarities, women are less likely to connect otherwise unconnected inventors (brokerage) and have greater status-asymmetries between themselves and their co-inventors. In multivariate models that include past and future activity, I find that some network benefits are contingent on gender. Men receive greater returns from network positioning for brokerage ties, and when collaborating with men. Women benefit from collaborating with women, and are more likely to collaborate with women, but both men and women collaborate with mostly men. I discuss the implications of these results for innovative growth, as well as for policies that support men’s and women’s career development.     

The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: Overcoming the experience barrier

The use of university-industry collaboration in the innovation process is viewed as a major driver of firm competitiveness. The organizational dynamics underlying successful external relationships, however, remain poorly understood. Using longitudinal case studies of 15 innovation projects, we examine how firms with varying degrees of experience in collaborating with universities and public research organizations rely on different social capital dimensions to achieve successful collaborations. We find that experienced firms establish external collaborations on the basis of cognitive social capital, but this basis is reinforced by relational social capital over time. Conversely, less experienced firms initially base their university collaborations on relational social capital, which is reinforced by cognitive social capital over time. Based on these findings, we theorize on the interplay of different dimensions of social capital in university-industry collaborations over time. Our study has important implications for the management of collaborative innovation projects. In particular, it provides guidance to enable less experienced firms to develop successful collaborations with university partners.     

Contractual governance and the choice of dispute-resolution mechanisms: Evidence on technology licensing

In fast-paced and knowledge-intensive environments, licensing partnerships can be powerful levers for market expansion. Research on the management of technology-oriented licenses has nonetheless pointed out the risks of corrosive disputes caused by conflicting interests or misunderstandings among licensing partners. The choice made ex ante on mechanisms for resolving potential disputes is of prime importance in the execution of licensing exchanges. Although the legal literature has widely emphasized the advantages of arbitration towards litigation, public ordering remains the “default” option in managers’ eyes. By adopting a transaction cost economics logic, our study explores the conditions under which licensing partners may prefer arbitration over public ordering during the contractual-design phase. In accordance with our theoretical arguments, findings show that the occurrence of arbitration provisions increases when the coordination orientation adopted by licensing partners is extensive. In situations where both monitoring and coordination orientations are simultaneously extensive, results reveal a greater propensity to prefer arbitration over public ordering. Our research therefore supports the view that corporate decision-makers tend to favor the conciliatory stance and compromising awards typically associated with arbitration, only when exchanges are expected to be highly coordinative. Their preference for arbitration over litigation is magnified when the coordination orientation develops alongside the monitoring orientation.     

Joint ventures and technology adoption: A Chinese industrial policy that backfired

To spur technology transfer, emerging market policymakers often require foreign firms to form joint ventures (JVs) with domestic firms. Through knowledge spillovers, JVs may reduce technology acquisition costs for domestic firms. Yet domestic firm rents from JVs could discourage innovation through a cannibalization effect. Which force dominates is an empirical question. I address it with novel data on China's auto sector. In response to fuel economy standards requiring firms to upgrade technology or sacrifice quality, firms with JVs reduced quality and price relative to their counterparts. Consistent with cannibalization, firms with JVs drive the negative effect.     

The climate for entrepreneurship at higher education institutions

While the importance of a supportive context for entrepreneurship is widely acknowledged, its antecedents are rarely investigated. We apply the concept of organizational climate to higher education institutions and examine the drivers of students’ perceptions of the entrepreneurial climate in their university. Combining data from two unique datasets and using multilevel techniques, we analyze the relationship between university characteristics and such climate perceptions of 8009 students at public universities in Germany. We find university entrepreneurship measures to have a positive effect on students’ climate perceptions, which also depend on students’ background and gender. In addition, we find evidence for different peer effects, depending on students’ affinity for entrepreneurship. For the general student population, including entrepreneurship content in their normal studies seems to be required to initiate a social process of sensemaking. However, students’ perception of the entrepreneurial climate only depend to a certain degree on intentional entrepreneurship measures. In our study, general university characteristics have the strongest influence on climate perceptions. Overall, our study adds to our understanding of which parameters are important for establishing a more favorable and inspiring climate for becoming an entrepreneur at higher education institutions.