The impact of public basic research on industrial innovation: Evidence from the pharmaceutical industry

While most economists believe that public scientific research fuels industry innovation and economic growth, systematic evidence supporting this relationship is surprisingly limited. In a recent study, Acemoglu and Linn (2004) identified market size as a significant driver of drug innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, but they did not find any evidence supporting science-driven innovation from publicly funded research. This paper uses new data on biomedical research investments by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to examine the contribution of public research to pharmaceutical innovation. The empirical analysis finds that both market size and NIH funded basic research have economically and statistically significant effects on the entry of new drugs with the contribution of public basic research coming in the earliest stage of pharmaceutical drug discovery. The analysis also finds a positive return to public investment in basic biomedical research.     

Innovation strategy, firm survival and relocation: The case of Hong Kong-owned manufacturing in Guangdong Province, China

Based on a survey adapted from the Fourth European Community Innovation Survey (CIS-4), this study finds that, in the changing manufacturing environment of Guangdong Province in China, Hong Kong-owned businesses that generate a higher share in new product sales as a percentage of total sales or engage in R&D or collaborative innovation activities in China are more likely to survive and remain in Guangdong. The study fills a gap in the literature by investigating the effects of innovation on the survival and relocation of Hong Kong-owned manufacturing firms in Guangdong. The results support policy initiatives that strengthen collaborative ties among key innovation system actors.     

Extramural research grants and scientists’ funding strategies: Beggars cannot be choosers?

Although competitive funding of public research has been characterised as providing output incentives that raise efficiency and productivity, we know very little about whether the quality of a scientist's research is in fact the primary award criterion on which funding bodies base their grant decision. This paper provides insights into scientists’ strategies for obtaining project-based research funding in the presence of multiple funding opportunities. It draws a distinction between four types of grants, including the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP6), government, foundation, and industry grants. Based on a sample of more than 800 scientists at universities and public research institutes in Germany, the results indicate that scientist productivity measured in terms of publication and patent stock is a statistically significant determinant only for obtaining foundation and industry grants while the award of an FP6 or government grant is influenced by other characteristics. The results further show that the different grants are not complementary, i.e. scientists specialise in certain grants. In this respect, the analysis informs science, technology and innovation policy about potential discrepancies between policy rhetoric, stipulated award criteria, and actual funding outcomes which makes it possible to fine-tune the debate on how public research should be financed.     

Productivity effects of basic research in low-tech and high-tech industries

R&D encompasses plenty of activities which are usually summarized under the terms of basic research, applied research and development. Although basic research is often associated with low appropriability it provides the fundamental basis for subsequent applied research and development. Especially in the high-tech sector basic research capabilities are an essential component for a firm's success. We use firm-level panel data stemming from Belgian R&D surveys and apply a production function approach which shows that basic research exhibits a premium on a firm's output when compared to applied research and development. When we split the sample into high-tech and low-tech companies, we find a large premium of basic research for firms in high-tech industries, but no premium in low-tech sectors.     

扶桑光合特性的初步研究

采用Li-6400光合测定系统对扶桑幼树的光合特性进行了初步的研究．结果表明：扶桑叶片Pn13变化呈不对称的双峰曲线,最高峰出现在8：00,次峰出现在13：00．根据光响应曲线得出扶桑幼树叶片的光饱和点为1053μmol／m^2／s,光补偿点为29．55μmol／m^2／s．     

初探链式“金字塔”型二语心理词汇重组模式

为了提高二语词汇能力,加快二语心理词汇提取速度,有研究者已对其重组的必要性以及重组思路做过一些相关研究,重组的核心便是语义联想法。但这些研究仅停留于二语心理词汇中单个词与单个词之间的语义联想。本研究试图将语义联想范围扩展至短语、句子、语篇,以形成从词到语篇再从语篇到词的无限循环的链式金字塔型二语心理词汇重组模式,并期望能够最终改善二语心理词汇重组的进程与效率。     

超声波提取山竺果皮红色素工艺的研究

以山竺果皮为原料,利用超声波提取天然食用红色素,正交法研究了影响超声波提取工艺的因素,并确定最佳工艺条件为：超声功率200W,超声温度45℃,超声时间30min,料液比1：5,收率为95．8％．     

考证严谨 意象忠实——浅谈《西厢记》奚如谷和伊维德英译本

从语言和文化两个层次分析了《西厢记》奚如谷和伊维德1995年合译本,认为该译本有别于以往的《西厢记》译作,此译本选词精妙,考究严谨,对白唱词采用散体译法,通过忠实意象传递,用异化手段最大限度地向西方读者展示了原汁原味的中国古典文学,指出此译本对中国经典文化的传播起到了积极的推动作用。     

二语习得中的语感能力与语言学能

语感是一种语言能力,它包括语义感、语法感及语音感。二语习得中语感的获得是逐步形成的,是语言认知的最后阶段。然而,不同的学习者在学习外语的速度与效果上存在一定的差异,造成语感的强弱之分。其主要原因之一是学习者个体差异所导致的语言学能的差异。     

基于神经网络的大数据分析方法

基于不同视角和情境特征的大数据定义诠释了大数据的 5V 特性,在扩展大数据价值空间与应用模式的同时催生了以“数据驱动+模型驱动”范式转变为代表的核心问题。为解决大数据分析核心问题,引入神经网络,采用性能优越的卷积神经网络设计对比实验,运用两个公开数据集对其进行训练,并在输出层分别使用L2-SVM 和 Softmax 激活函数。在手写数字识别和彩色图像识别中,L2-SVM 的识别错误率分别为 0.87%和11.9%。实验结果表明,基于 L2-SVM 的神经网络大数据分析方法可以获得更高的识别精度。