《国立莫斯科大学章程》的内容及其分析

《国立莫斯科大学章程》包含学校组织和管理、财产、教学和科研、师生等基本内容,是莫斯科大学实现大学自治的基本保障。然而其修改过程凸显出行政权力干预高校自主权、政府加强对大学的管理、内部权利向校长集中等特点。对于我国大学章程的制定而言,章程内容要以符合现实社会的发展要求、有利于保障教科研自由、提升教育质量和加强学校与社会的联系为立足点。     

‘War and Peace’ at the 1980 Moscow and 2014 Sochi Olympics: The Role of Hard and Soft Power in Russian Identity

Abstract

Russia’s (and the USSR’s) use of sports mega-events (SMEs) makes this BRICS country (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) not only an outlier among emerging states, but also among key SME hosts generally. Both the historic Moscow Olympics (1980) and the more recent hosting of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics provide evidence that Russia has, on both occasions, focussed on geopolitical priorities using hard power (military might) at the expense of soft power acquisition. Furthermore, both Olympics were, first and foremost, used to pursue domestic soft power goals. This, again, makes Russia an outlier in terms of the political use of SMEs by states in the literature on this subject. The 1980 Olympic Games, therefore, in terms of their potential to generate soft power and national unity, turned out to be a mis-used opportunity for Russia. To what extent is this specific to Russia and could the first Russian Olympics provide valuable insight into the modern-day hosting of SMEs by Russia (2014/2018)?     

Sailing in an Occupied Country: Protests by Estonian Emigrants Against the 1980 Tallinn Olympic Regatta

The sailing regatta for the Olympic games of 1980 was organized at the Pirita Sailing Centre in Tallinn. It is generally assumed that emigrant Estonians opposed the event. By December 1979, attempts to boycott the Moscow Olympics had faded. However, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan again opened the question. Eventually a large number of Western countries stayed home and many others did not participate in the sailing regatta. The situation was discussed again in the Estonian emigrant press but the focus of the general discussion was on Afghanistan and the Baltic question remained in its shadow. Besides writing memorandums to state officials and the International Olympic Committee, Estonian emigrants organized public demonstrations and sports festivals to support their cause. Although general interest in the Baltic question increased due to the Olympic sailing contests, the interest diminished soon after the games.