工程施工成本控制的基本方法

成本控制应贯穿于施工项目从报价中标到竣工验收的全过程。严格审查各项费用是否符合标准，通过计算实际成本和计划成本的差异进行分析，对项目施工管理进行指导、监督、调节和限制，以保证成本目标的实现。其目的在于降低项目施工成本，提高社会经济效益。     

现金流量表具体项目的确定

编制现金流量表的主要目的是为会计报表使用者提供一定期间内现金流入和流出的信息,以便于会计报表使用者了解和评价企业获得现金的能力,并据以预测企业未来现金流量。应用间接编制原理从分析非现金账户入手来揭示企业现金流量增减变动原因,可确保调整项目列示的完整性;以较复杂的“销售商品,提供劳务收到的现金”项目金额的确定为例来说明进行间接确定公式推导得一般程序,从而得到全面的公式。     

浅谈建设项目经济合同管理中的注意点

根据工程建设项目施工的特点,从完善建设项目施工合同管理机构、健全合同管理制度、合同的谈判与签订、合同实施过程中的管理四个方面论述合同管理的要点。指出工程造价管理是合同管理的核心,对我国工程建设施工管理中加强合同管理、提高法制意识做了探讨。     

数控加工试题库开发中的教学项目管理初探

数控加工试题库开发是三峡电力职业学院进行数控加工操作与理论教学整合教研课题中的一个重要子项目.此项目分项目计划、教学项目开发、后继行动三个阶段.本项目的主要成员由学生组成,其专业基础不同,层次各异,思维能力有别,所以各管理环节中难度较大的是项目的进度控制和质量控制.     

基于2PLM项目参数估计的病态矩阵控制

病态矩阵是IRT理论中项目参数估计必然面对的问题．本文以2PLM参数估计为例．推导出参数估计迭代公式，系统阐述了三种病态控制方法的原理及在编程中数据处理的技巧。     

Differential Performance of Items in Mathematics Assessment Materials For 7-Year-Old Pupils in English-Medium and Welsh-Medium Versions

This paper draws on data from the development of annual national mathematics assessment materials for 7-year-old pupils in Wales for use during the period 2000–2002. The materials were developed in both English and Welsh and were designed to be matched. The paper reports on item analyses which sought items that exhibited differential performance in relation to whether the materials were English medium or Welsh medium. The items that exhibited consistent differential item functioning in relation to language during pre-testing are reviewed in order to discuss the linguistic factors that could affect such behaviour.     

计算机信息技术课无纸化考试的研究

介绍考试理论从经典测量到项目反应的发展,指出计算机化考试的必然性和优越性。对计算机考试如何在多媒体网络实验室实现,进行了较详细的阐述。     

Predicting item difficulty of science national curriculum tests: the case of key stage 2 assessments

Predicting item difficulty is highly important in education for both teachers and item writers. Despite identifying a large number of explanatory variables, predicting item difficulty remains a challenge in educational assessment with empirical attempts rarely exceeding 25% of variance explained.

This paper analyses 216 science items of key stage 2 tests which are national sampling assessments administered to 11 year olds in England. Potential predictors (topic, subtopic, concept, question type, nature of stimulus, depth of knowledge and linguistic variables) were considered in the analysis. Coding frameworks employed in similar studies were adapted and employed by two coders to independently rate items. Linguistic demands were gauged using a computational linguistic facility. The stepwise regression models predicted 23% of the variance with extended constructed questions and photos being the main predictors of item difficulty.

While a substantial part of unexplained variance could be attributed to the unpredictable interaction of variables, we argue that progress in this area requires improvement in the theories and the methods employed. Future research needs to be centred on improving coding frameworks as well as developing systematic training protocols for coders. These technical advances would pave the way to improved task design and reduced development costs of assessments.     

关于心理测验理论模式的比较

真分数理论和项目反应理论是心理测验的两大理论模式。真分数理论主要是估计真分数和实得分数之间关系的；项目反应理论是将被试对单个测验项目的某种反应概率与此项目的一定特征联系起来，项目反应理论可以说是在真分数理论基础上的一种发展，但绝不是真分数理论，两者所建立的理论的基本假设不同，并各有其优势与不足。今天的心理测验就是在这两大理论共存的情况下，互相促进、互相补充，并在此基础之上向更合理、更完善的方向发展     

多元智能理论与学前儿童音乐教育——美国多彩光谱项目及其对我国学前儿童音乐教育的启示

本文对美国以多元智能理论为基础的多彩光谱项目作了简要的介绍，分析了多彩光谱项目中的音乐领域与我国学前音乐教育相比较之新特点，以及该项目对我国学前儿童音乐教育改革的启示。