Cognitive development and instructional theory

The foundations of the cognitive-developmental curriculum movement are briefly examined in this paper. The key features of this movement are the recommendations it makes in three areas: curriculum sequencing, curriculum content, and teaching strategies. Each of these areas is critically examined. It is concluded that the grounds for all proposals are purely theoretical. When the data are considered, they either contradict specific proposals or provide no direct evidence.     

Locus of control and tutor's instructional style as determinants of cross-age tutoring effectiveness

Junior high students serving as cross-age tutors taught their elementary school tutee an analogy lesson in the presence of observers who recorded tutor teaching behaviors and tutee learning as a function of students' internal-external control. Based upon results demonstrating that externals outperform internals when another person provides feedback regarding response accuracy, it was hypothesized that tutorial instruction would benefit external learners more than internal learners. Correlations between tutee externality and task performance (though in the expected direction) were not significant and failed to support the hypothesis. On the other hand, hypotheses regarding tutor behaviors were confirmed. As predicted, internal tutors expected to be more successful teachers, used more verbal and nonverbal cues in their teaching, expended more noticeable effort, and taught more analogies than external tutors. The implications of these results for the conduct of tutoring programs in schools was discussed.     

On inserting questions before or after segments of text

It has been concluded in all major reviews of adjunct question research that a group given questions after related text segments (postquestions) yields greater recall than a group given questions before related text segments (prequestions) or one not given any questions at all. However, closer examination of the earlier research and an analysis of recent research reveals that for certain types of verbatim questions and for certain high level questions, postquestions produce recall equivalent to or less than prequestions. Moreover, in many studies wherein postquestions exceed prequestions, the postquestion group equals the reading-only control group in recall of nonquestioned (incidental) material. Hence, despite frequent pronouncements to the contrary, no firm recommendation can be made regarding the optimal placement of adjunct questions in text material.     

数字图书馆教学对数字图书馆发展的影响——专业教育会将新的图书馆员领向何方？

数字图书馆的专业教育近几年来在美国及其他国家迅速发展。网络调查显示开设数字图书馆专业课程的大学四年内增加了三倍。目前不但信息管理专业及图书馆院系设置此课程,计算机,通讯及工程学院也设置类似课程。在对50多所大学开设的数字图书馆课程的教学大纲,学习重点,课题项目,及教科书选用异同的研究分析来看,多数课程重视学生的“动手(hands-on)”能力,即实际操作本领,要求学生和数字图书馆进行互动。一些课程注重数字图书馆的系统教育,有的则偏重网络及计算机软件技术的教育。作为一门新学科内容,训练学生掌握数字图书馆相关新技能,使其更容易担负未来数字图书馆的工作已成为信息学、信息与计算机技术、信息管理学课程中的一大热点。 有的名牌大学已将数字图书馆作为一门专业主攻方向并授予证书学位。数字图书馆专业教育的迅速发展反映了信息管理及图书馆学教育的新趋势。信息图书馆学院系的课程肩负着培训完成新旧图书馆模式转变的新一代信息专业工作者的重任,故应加速完善以反映本世纪最前沿的数字图书馆相关问题。     

国家叙事与女性自我展现的诉求--茹志娟的《百合花》的个性化写作

二十世纪五六十年代歌赞英雄,抒写历史,形成一种文学的滚滚洪流,国家叙事抵抑个人的浅吟低唱。但由于女性作家偏重阴柔的审美倾向注重内心体验的天性,在国家叙事的洪流中．也难以抑制女性内心的泉流。茹志娟的《百合花》就属于这种女性在国家叙事中的个性化的写作。     

西南地区少数民族体育系统层次的文化透视

西南地区少数民族体育因历史背景、地理位置、经济发展等因素属于我国民族体育的“文化边缘地带”,并具有表、中、深层等系统多层次特征。构建长江中上游少数民族体育文化走廊,进行区域性少数民族体育文化研究等发展设想,将为西南地区少数民族体育的发展与深入研究提供参考。     

郭秉文博士的办学理念

郭秉文博士是中国近现代著名的教育家。他于1919年执掌南高、1920年筹建东大,1921年出任东大首任校长。掌校期间,他提出了“四个平衡”的办学宗旨;创立了“寓师范于大学”的发展模式;建立了“三会”一体的管理体制。他开创了东南大学第一个鼎盛时期,为东大的发展,奠定了基石。本文旨在对其筹建东大、建业东大的历史贡献作一简要梳理和评析,或许对当今的大学校长有所启迪。     

Contextual cues and depth of processing in short prose passages

Two experiments compared context and depth-of-processing strategies applied to the learning of short aurally presented prose passages. In the first study, contextual orientation led to significantly higher recall than a continue-paragraph condition, and both strategy groups performed significantly better than a nonstrategy control group. In the second experiment, continuing paragraphs was superior to generating contextual theme statements, with both strategies again superior to the controls. These results were discussed in terms of the ways in which processing demands effect memory for connected discourse.     

Communication channels within ethnic groups

Major channels of communication are examined for two major functions: providing news of the ethnic community, and linking ethnics to the “mother country.” The four major channels are: interpersonal channels (friends and neighbors), radio, local metropolitan daily newspapers, and ethnic-language newspapers. Size of ethnic group is linked to channel preference, and greater ethnicity is related to a preference for ethnic media for both functions. Lower SES ethnics lend to rely more on interpersonal communication and ethnic media, while higher SES ethnics turn more to metro media and magazines. Channel preference as indicated by respondents is also linked to actual usage patterns.     

Patterns of some measured mental abilities among persian bilingual and monolingual children

The purpose of this study was to provide some empirical answers regarding the effects of home and school language upon some cognitive abilities of elementary school bilinguals where the two languages involved do not bear any resembalance.A Persian translation of CTMM adjusted to Persian population was administered to elementary school children of two types of bilingual and one Persian monolingual school. The results indicate that within bilingual schools home language does not show any consistent effect upon non-language abilities. The only consistent effect was in the language measure of Delayed recall, in favor of Persian speaking homes. Comparison of various schools indicate that in the third and sixth grades Persian control was superior to both type of bilingual schools in terms of Immediate recall and to immersion schools in terms of Delayed recall. An exposure variable to Persian was then defined showing a direct relationship with amount of retention. This relationship was explained by resistence to forgetting due to the degrees of overlearning of Persian in various groups.