(International) R&D collaboration and SMEs: The effectiveness of targeted public R&D support schemes

This study analyses the impact and effectiveness of targeted public support for R&D investment at the firm level. We test whether the policy design aiming at incentivizing (international) collaboration and R&D in SMEs achieves input as well as output additionality. Our results show that the targeted public subsidies trigger R&D spending, especially so in internationally collaborating SMEs. We further evaluate the different impact of privately financed and publicly induced R&D investment on innovation performance. The results confirm that the publicly induced R&D is productive as it translates into marketable product innovations. While both types of R&D investments trigger significant output effects, the effect of policy-induced R&D investment on sales from market novelties is highest for international collaborators as well as for SMEs.     

Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole

The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.     

土地利用纹理样本数据库的建立

本文概述了多种数据源,多时相的所有类别的不同表现形式的土地利用纹理样本数据的采集、建库等一系列工作,介绍了土地利用纹理样本库德体系结构,主要功能以及设计方法,并分析了XML、OO4O等关键技术。     

Statin use and self-reported swimming performance in US masters swimmers

Exercise and treating hyperlipidaemia with statins are two integral components of the American Heart Association guidelines to reduce cardiovascular risk in adults. Since statins can cause myalgias and myopathies, they could affect the duration or intensity of an exercise regimen. To determine the impact of statin use in adult masters swimmers, a survey was distributed to examine the association between swimming performance and statin usage in adult swimmers (≥35 years). After excluding those with chronic diseases or taking drugs that reduce physical capacity, 749 swimmers (118 taking statins, 73 not taking statins to control elevated cholesterol and 558 controls) were included in a regression model to determine the factors significantly affecting the duration and intensity of swimming workouts. Age and gender were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) associated with the distance swam per 60 min. Younger, male swimmers completed more yards per 60-min workout. Use of statins was not significantly associated with yards swam per 60-min workout. Nor did statin usage affect the number of swim sessions per month or the length of swim session. Evidently, statins do not cause enough fatigue or pain in masters swimmers to require a decrease in the duration or intensity of workouts.     

Selective search, sectoral patterns, and the impact on product innovation performance

The shift toward more open and interconnected innovation activities has been a major topic in recent academic and practitioner discussions. Firms must connect their in-house R&D activities with external partners, such as leading customers or universities, to increase the effectiveness of their innovation activities. Hence, management needs to define where to search for valuable knowledge in its environment. In this paper we argue that knowledge search has to reflect the heterogeneity of various knowledge sources with regard to the knowledge they can provide and how these sources can be activated. We hypothesize that search strategies driven by science, suppliers and the product market will contribute differently to innovation success with new-to-market versus imitated products. Moreover, we explore the effect of these types of knowledge search within different sectoral patterns of innovation. Our empirical analysis rests on a sample of almost 5000 firms from five Western European countries. The results support our hypotheses and highlight the potentials and shortcomings of different types of knowledge search.     

从第十届全运会看上海男子体操

采用跟踪观察、问卷调查、访谈、文献查阅等方法,对上海男子体操队参加十运会队伍的状况以及主要时手的情况等进行深入研究,结果发现:上海男子体操队参加十运会队伍伤病情况严重,项目发展不均衡,缺乏全能型选手和领军人物等。     

铁配合物[Fe（C_（12）H_8N_2）_3]（C_6H_6N_2S_2O_6）·4H_2O的合成及晶体结构表征

采用水溶液法,合成了铁配合物[Fe（C12H8N2）3]（C6H6N2S2O6）.4H2O,该配合物晶体属三斜晶系,P-1空间群,晶胞参数是：a=12.8789（12）,b=13.3808（13）,c=14.859（2）,α=104.558（2）°,β=100.780（2）°,γ=107.5760（10）°,V=2264.8（5）3,Z=2.铁离子周围有6个由1,10-邻菲罗啉提供的氮原子与之配位形成畸变的八面体的配位构型.相邻结构单元中的邻菲罗啉分子存在着弱的π-π堆积作用,没有参与配位的邻苯二胺-3,5-二磺酸根离子与结晶水分子通过氢键将配合物扩展为二维超分子结构.     

Intellectual property protection mechanisms in research partnerships

A set of US-based companies is investigated regarding the effectiveness of intellectual property protection mechanisms (IPPMs) in the formation of research partnerships. Patents are the most frequently used IPPM to protect both background and foreground knowledge in partnerships. Other IPPMs are used to protect know-how, especially in the early, forming stages of a partnership. Existing IP titles are quite useful when negotiating new partnerships. IPR negotiations are reported to be more complex in horizontal partnerships and when universities are involved.     

CuO/γ-Al2O3上H2催化还原氮氧化物的初步研究

采用γ—Al2O3和CuO／Y—Al2O3作为H2催化还原氮氧化物的催化剂，考察了反应温度、活性组分添加、原料配比以及原料气空速等对NO转化率的影响。结果表明：γ—Al2O3本身对于NO还原有一定的催化活性；Cu的添加可以使γ—Al2O3催化剂的NO还原活性明显提高；在考察的温度范围内，CuO／Y-AlO3催化剂活性随反应温度的升高明显增加，最高可达100％。随着反应原料气H2／NO(mol)的降低，NO转化率下降。     

Joint ventures and technology adoption: A Chinese industrial policy that backfired

To spur technology transfer, emerging market policymakers often require foreign firms to form joint ventures (JVs) with domestic firms. Through knowledge spillovers, JVs may reduce technology acquisition costs for domestic firms. Yet domestic firm rents from JVs could discourage innovation through a cannibalization effect. Which force dominates is an empirical question. I address it with novel data on China's auto sector. In response to fuel economy standards requiring firms to upgrade technology or sacrifice quality, firms with JVs reduced quality and price relative to their counterparts. Consistent with cannibalization, firms with JVs drive the negative effect.