Innovators and imitators: Organizational reference groups and adoption of organizational routines

Firms vary greatly in their rates of creating and adopting technological and organizational innovations, in part because of their choice of reference group. We argue that the selection of a reference group is a crucial and neglected source of firm heterogeneity. Comparisons to the average of other firms in a population cause most firms to adopt innovations once they are widely accepted. A distinctive feature of the minority of innovating firms that create innovations or adopt them early is that they compare themselves with, compete with, and try to differ from other innovating firms, whereas the majority of firms compare themselves with, and conform to, a broader group of firms. We elaborate this argument based on the behavioral theory of the firm and institutional theory, and test it on a two-period survey on adoptions of innovative organizational forms in Europe and the US. The analysis shows the predicted differences in the adoption patterns of innovating and imitating firms.     

Determining factors in the success of R&D cooperative agreements between firms and research organizations

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of a series of contextual and organizational factors on the success of 800 cooperative agreements between Spanish firms and research organizations, run between 1995 and 2000. Findings show that the most outstanding factors are, in the case of firms, commitment, previous links, definition of objectives and conflict, whereas for research organizations previous links, communication, commitment, trust and the partners’ reputation are more relevant. These study not only provides a comprehensive theoretical model to analyze the success of these agreements but is useful both for improving management of cooperation and for fostering collaboration both at a national an international level.     

低碳贸易壁垒对辽宁沿海经济带出口贸易发展的影响及对策研究

金融危机以来,新贸易保护主义在世界范围内抬头,以＂低碳环保＂为名的低碳贸易壁垒成为发达国家绿色贸易壁垒的新形式。辽宁作为重工业大省,必然会受到低碳贸易壁垒的严重冲击,沿海经济带出口贸易发展也会因此发生重大变化。依据近年来辽宁出口贸易统计数据,从出口产品结构、出口贸易国家分布、出口贸易形式等方面,分析辽宁沿海经济带出口贸易的特征,并阐释由这些特征可能引发的低碳贸易壁垒阻碍,探讨辽宁沿海经济带出口贸易应对低碳贸易壁垒的策略。     

城乡义务教育均等化的制度保障

城乡义务教育不平衡的现状有其深层的制度根源。在推进城乡义务教育均等化的过程中,要努力突破制度障碍,完善制度设计,实现制度创新,可以通过拓宽义务教育经费保障渠道、改善义务教育资源分配格局、消除户籍制度所引起的福利差异、建立评测反馈机制等措施为城乡义务教育均等化的实现提供制度保障。     

e-Government services for faith-based organizations: Bridging the organizational divide

In this paper, we examine the challenges faced by faith-based institutions in a low-income, predominantly Black community seeking to take advantage of grants provided through the White House Office of Community and Faith-Based Initiatives (FBCI). FBCI is an e-Government program that assists nonprofit organizations in competing for Federal dollars with fewer bureaucratic barriers. Informed by the design-actuality framework, we interviewed clergy at seven faith-based organizations. The intent of this analysis is to juxtapose the design intentions of the government officials with the actualities expressed by the intended benefactors of the initiative. Our findings suggest that this e-Government initiative may unwittingly exacerbate existing disparities in the strategic use of information and communication technologies (ICT).     

浅析基于ARP网络嗅探的防范技术

嗅探是对较底层网络基础设施的安全威胁,这层支持使用互联网的应用程序。用户并不直接与这些底层打交道,通常完全不知道它们的存在。如果不对这些威胁进行审慎考虑,就不可能在高层构建有效的安全保障。     

Influencing citizen behavior: Experiences from multichannel marketing pilot projects

Information technology allows national and local governments to satisfy the needs of citizens in a cost effective way. Unfortunately, citizens still tend to prefer traditional, more costly channels, such as the front desk, phone and mail. Through pilot projects government agencies attempt to influence this behavior of citizens, directing them towards the online channel. With this paper we provide insight into the possibility to influence citizens’ behavior in the complex landscape of multi-channel service provision. The paper systematically compares five pilot projects using a framework that is based on organizational and marketing literature. The results show that socio-psychological factors are crucial in multi-channel management, much more than the technology itself. We conclude that citizens can be directed towards the online channel. However, not all projects are successful. Economic and legal instruments tend to sort more direct effects than communication or service instruments. Moreover, organizational factors such as bureaucracy often hinder eventual success. Choosing a smart and relatively small scope and strong project manager may help to evoke success in directing citizen online behavior.     

基于知识获取障碍分析的学术服务对策研究

通过分析用户知识获取中可能遇到的障碍,提出了一种新的知识服务方式,并讨论了如何克服用户知识获取的障碍,包括知识表达规范化,向用户提供相关的背景知识链接,建立个性化学术引导系统。     

浅析出版企业成长的结构效应

结构效应是推动企业由简单到复杂、由低级到高级成长的重要途径。要发挥出版企业成长的结构效应,需要对出版企业的组织结构、战略结构和资源结构进行调整与优化。     

学生主体意识“被忽视”的我国大学体育教学俱乐部改革的思考

通过文献资料、比较及归纳分析等方法,对我国当前大学体育教学俱乐部改革的热门话题进行了深入剖析,源自西方发达国家的大学体育俱乐部教学模式相对于我国传统的班级制和选项制教学是一种文化变迁,大学体育文化行为主体意识的"被忽视"是我国大学体育文化变迁效应缺失的内在障碍。