谈手腕在钢琴演奏中的运用

手腕是保证手指能够有效并且自如地去适应弹奏中千变万化的关键部位.由于手腕是从手臂到手指之间承上启下的枢纽,因此手腕在钢琴演奏中的功能是不容忽视的.本文对手腕在钢琴演奏中的常见问题,以及手腕在钢琴演奏中的作用进行了简单的阐述和分析,并提出合理的建议.     

"普罗克拉斯提斯铁床"效应--"样板戏"和"样板戏现象"剖析(之二)

“样板戏”自从被封成“样板”那天起，便不仅仅作为普通剧目而存在，它被抽象为僵化的原则与教条，在文革文艺中发挥着酷似魔鬼“普罗克拉斯提斯铁床”效应。样板戏由普通剧目变为“铁床”，经历了树样板、宣传推广、学习普及、改编移植等过程，形成“三突出”、“三结合”、“三陪衬”等创作模式，这是一个将一批普通剧目抽象化、偶像化、神圣化而成为样板的过程，这种现象我们称之为“样板戏现象”。“样板戏现象”极大地戕害了文革时期的文艺创作，把那个时期的文艺活动逼进了一个狭小的死胡同，这是当代文艺活动中的一个惨痛教训。     

Player one,playing with others virtually: what’s next in game and player studies

This essay describes current research in player studies, focusing on how play is a social activity, and how sociality is mediated and performed in a variety of settings. It starts by explaining the concept of tandem play and then moves to an exploration of gameplay that is performed for differently sized audiences via the Twitch.tv platform. Our research finds that even single-player gameplay can very often be a social activity. Additionally, how we perform gameplay is contingent on multiple factors, including where we and others are physically located, whether play is professional or amateur, and how particular play platforms shape our expectations for play and spectatorship actions.     

Understanding the Dialectical Relations Between Everyday Concepts and Scientific Concepts Within Play-Based Programs

In recent times there has been an enormous interest in Vygotsky’s writing on conceptual development, particularly his insights on the differences between everyday and scientific thinking. In drawing upon cultural–historical theory, this paper seeks to examine the relations between everyday concepts and scientific concepts within playful contexts, such as preschools, with a view to better understanding how very young children develop conceptual understandings in science. This paper presents an overview of a study which sought to map the transformation and appropriation of scientific concepts within two early childhood settings. Approximately ten weeks of data gathering took place, with video recordings, field notes, photographic documentation, and child and teacher interviews for recording child concept formation within these naturalistic settings. The findings indicate that when teacher programs are more oriented towards concepts rather than materials, children’s play is focused on conceptual connections. Importantly, the study showed that: It was possible to map the multiple and dynamic levels or stratas of thinking that a child or group of children may exhibit within play-based contexts; An analysis of ‘unorganised heaps’ and ‘complexive thinking’ evident in conceptually or materially oriented play-based programs can be determined; the dialectical relations between everyday concepts and scientific concepts in play-based programs can be understood; and greater understanding about the nature of concept formation in situated playful contexts have been possible.     

Play and Creativity: Developmental issues

Play and creativity have been linked in numerous ways. Theoretically, pretend play fosters the development of cognitive and affective processes that are important in the creative act. Russ's (1993) model of affect and creativity identified the major cognitive and affective processes involved in creativity and the relations among them, based on the research literature. Central to both play and creativity is divergent thinking. Both cognitive and affective processes in play have been related to divergent thinking in children. In a longitudinal study, quality of fantasy and imagination in play predicted divergent thinking over time. Divergent thinking itself was relatively stable over time. An important question is whether play can facilitate creativity. Play has been found to facilitate insight ability and divergent thinking. Studies have also shown that children can be taught to improve their play skills. Future research studies should: (i) investigate specific mechanisms that account for the relationship between play and creativity; (ii) develop play intervention techniques that improve play skills; and (iii) carry out longitudinal studies with large enough samples to enable the application of statistical procedures such as path analysis.     

Inferential talk during teacher–child interactions in small-group play

This study examined teachers’ questions and children's responses during a play-based activity implemented in small groups within preschool classrooms. The first aim of this study was to describe teachers’ questions in terms of four levels of abstraction (i.e., a continuum of literal to inferential questions) and children's responses to these questions. The second aim was to examine the relations between teachers’ questions and children's responses using sequential analyses, to include children's level of abstraction and mean length of utterance (MLU). Participants were 39 teachers and up to six children from their preschool classroom. We found that teachers’ questions made up an average of 25% of their talk to children during play, and were relatively balanced between literal and inferential questions. Furthermore, significant sequential associations were found between the level of abstraction of teachers’ questions and the level of abstraction of children's responses (e.g., teachers’ inferential questions tended to elicit children's inferential responses). Finally, we found that teachers’ inferential questions were not related to children's MLU; that is, teachers’ more abstract questions did not elicit longer utterances from children. These findings suggest that play is a valuable context in which teachers may promote children's use of inferential language.     

“十五贯”故事在滦州影戏剧本中的新变

“十五贯”故事经由话本一、传奇的演绎,其人物形象和故事情节已基本固定,其后各种戏曲形式和说唱艺术在敷演这个故事时,也大体上没有超出话本、传奇所划定的范畴。但滦州影戏剧本《十五贯》在继承传统“十五贯”故事的同时,又对其进行了发展和创新,使之成为一部新颖的、-具有影戏格调的“十五贯”故事。这种新变主要表现为人物设置与故事情节的改换具有滦州影戏韵味和相关的线索也具有滦州影戏的特色。     

Integration of Play, Learning, and Experience: What Museums Afford Young Visitors

This paper examines important factors in maximizing children’s experiential learning in the context of inquiry-based children’s museums. Learning is understood as situated in physical, social, and interactive context that is best achieved when children have opportunities to engage in play-based inquiry. Recommendations for maximizing children’s learning in museums, supporting children’s interactions with peers and adults, and offering affordances for children’s play are discussed.