The effects of morphology and word length on the reading of Hebrew nominals

This article investigated the effects of twospecific Hebrew nominal word structures andword length, on the latency and accuracy ofgrade school children's reading ofwords. For this study, three-, four- and five-letterwords of the feminine nominalderivative structure and the feminine nominalinflectional structure, at three differentgrade levels, were used. The study alsodifferentiated between an additional vocalizedconsonant and the addition of a vowel letter.The participants, 150 native monolingual Hebrewspeakers in grades two, four and six, wereasked to read vocalized nouns. The paperreports and analyzes the differences in thereading of the two morphological structures andword lengths to draw conclusions about theireffects on reading performance. The resultsindicated that inflections took longer to readand elicited more correct responses thanderivations. For derivations with theprogression of grade level, latency becomesshorter and the number of correct responsesincreases. For inflections with the progressionof grade level, latency becomes longer but thenumber of correct responses increases. With theaddition of a consonant at all grade levels,latency becomes longer. For accuracy, therewere differential results for the differentword lengths in the different grades. With theaddition of a vowel letter, accuracy increasedin all the grade levels. Latency, for the twoword lengths, showed differential results inthe different grades. A hypothesis on readingdevelopment is suggested based on the language-specificcharacteristics of Hebrew morphologyand the double vowel system of Hebrew.     

Learning to spell regular and irregular verbs

Several conventional spelling sequences for morphemes do not conform to letter-sound correspondence rules. One example is the -ed spelling for the inflectional morpheme at the end of English past verbs. Previous work has shown a close relationship between children's awareness of grammatical distinctions and their success in learning about this spelling sequence. However, this research was with real verbs and the children's spelling might have been influenced by familiarity with the words. To check this, we devised a task with pseudo-verbs. This is a novel use of pseudo-words, which hitherto have been a tool for testing letter-sound knowledge; here the spellings violated letter-sound relationships and followed a morphological pattern. The children heard passages with a pseudo-verb in the past tense and in other tenses and had to write the pseudo-verb in the past tense. The task contained both regular pseudo-verbs, whose stem was the same in the present and past tense, and irregular pseudo-verbs, which had different stems in the present and the past tense. The children's scores in a grammatical awareness task predicted their use of the -ed spelling sequence over a 21 month period. The children also used -ed endings significantly more often in regular than irregular pseudo-verbs. We conclude that the use of -ed endings for regular verbs reflects a morphological spelling strategy based on children's grammatical awareness.     

数学形态在图像滤波中的应用

章先简单介绍了数学形态学的及基本概念，然后讨论了它在图像滤波中的应用，其中主要讨论了形态滤波算子的设计，最后对其应用前景作了展望。     

The effects of learning to spell on children’s awareness of morphology

Because the spelling of many words in the English language (and in many other languages as well) depends on their morphemic structure, children have to have some knowledge about morphemes in order to learn to read and write. This raises the possibility that children gain much of their explicit knowledge about morphemes as a direct result of learning to read and to spell. We report two large-scale longitudinal studies that support the idea of this kind of causal connection. In the first study children’s success in spelling the inflexion at the end of regular past verbs predicted their performance in two morphological awareness tasks a year later. In the second study the children’s consistency in spelling morphemes predicted their ability to define new words on the basis of their morphemic structure. We conclude that the experience of learning to read and write does affect people’s knowledge of morphemes, and we argue that the causal relationship between morphemic knowledge and reading and writing is probably a two-way one.     

The links between grammar and spelling: A cognitive hurdle in deep orthographies?

A cross-sectional study tested Danish students' mastery of links between grammar and spelling (cf. the English link between past tense verbs and the -ed spelling for a word final /t/, e.g., miss ed vs. mis t). One hundred and forty-two students aged 10–17 spelled pseudo-word items with ambiguous phonemes, where the choice between a 'conditional' spelling (cf. English ed for /t/) and a simple spelling (cf. t for /t/) was predictable from the grammatical context but not from the sound. Overgeneralisations (conditional spellings used where simple spellings were appropriate) were controlled to obtain pure measures of grammatical spelling competence. The oldest group of participants performed near ceiling on four of five spelling problems studied while three younger groups in the experiment never did. The nature of the apparent grammatical hurdle in Danish spelling acquisition is discussed.     

泽泻科的花粉形态研究

本文对泽泻科11属27种代表植物的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察。在系统描述了该科及各属植物花粉形态的基础上，将泽泻科植物的花粉划分为3种类型，即少果泽苔草型、慈菇型和泽泻型。根据花粉形态特征的比较，并依据泽泻科植物祖先类群的花粉具有船形、具单沟萌发孔、花粉外壁具明显的刺状纹饰、覆盖层完整无通道等特征，作者认为泽泻科植物花粉形态的如下演化趋势是明显的：由船形演化为卵球形、球形和多面体球形；由单沟萌发孔经过一无孔的中间类型演化为散孔类型；孔膜由光滑演化为具颗粒和小刺；萌发孔不内陷进化到内陷；花粉粒外壁的刺状纹饰逐渐过渡为颗粒状纹饰或者消失，以及覆盖层由无通道到具细通道和通道。     

中国蓼属叉分蓼组植物花粉形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国蓼属叉分蓼组20种3变种的花粉形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明其花粉形态大多数为近球形至近长球形，少数为扁球形或长球形；花粉大小为20.4～44.0µm×17.0～34.0µm：从萌发孔看，有3沟、3 孔沟、多沟、散沟；外壁纹饰为微刺—穴状、刺状、粗网状、皱块状。据此，该组花粉可划分为5种类型，即叉分蓼型(Aconogonon-type)、钟花蓼型(Campanulatum-type)、大连线冰岛蓼型(Forrestii-type)、西伯利亚蓼(Sibiricum-type)及多穗蓼型(Polystachyum-type)，编制了这些花粉类型检索表。叉分蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3沟，外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状，此种类型的植物有14种2变种。钟花蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6散沟，外壁纹饰为微刺-穴状，此种类型的植物有钟花蓼和绒毛钟花蓼。西伯利亚蓼型花粉的主要特征是具3孔沟，外壁纹饰为皱块状，此种类型的植物有西伯利亚蓼。多穗蓼型花粉的主要特征是具6(~8)多沟，外壁纹饰为粗网状，此种类型的植物有松林蓼及多穗蓼。大连线冰岛蓼型花粉的主要特征是具散沟，外壁纹饰为显著的长刺状，此种类型的植物有大铜钱叶蓼及铜钱叶蓼，结果表明叉分蓼组的花粉形态具有重要的分类学意义，研究结果支持将叉分蓼组上升为属的等级，也支持Knorringia的属的地位，大铜钱叶蓼和铜钱叶蓼应移入Koenigia属中，而松林蓼和多穗蓼仍保留在蓼属中。     

知母的胚胎学研究

知母(Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge)为百合科的一个单种属，雄蕊三枚，小孢子母细胞 分裂为连续型，成熟花粉含2个细胞；蓼型胚囊，具反足吸器；胚乳发育属沼生目型；合子在12—16个 胚乳游离核阶段进行第一次分裂。胚珠倒生，厚珠心。两轮花被；花丝和药隔等组织中，星散分布着明显的晶束细胞。     

中国姜科植物花粉形态研究——花粉类型与该科植物分类

本文报道在光学显微镜与扫描电镜下，对中国姜科Zingiberaceae中的2亚科(姜亚科、     闭鞘姜亚科)、3族、18属、89种、3变种植物花粉形态的观察结果。根据萌发孔的有无，将本     科的植物花粉分成两大类型，无萌发孔型和具萌发孔型。根据花粉粒形状、大小及萌发孔的类     型和外壁表面纹饰的不同，在两大类型中又区分为6亚型和2组。在无萌发孔类型中有：光     滑亚型、具刺亚型(内分短刺组和长刺组)、具条纹亚型和具脑皱状-负网状亚型，在具萌发孔类     型中有具沟-孔混合亚型及具散孔亚型。本文从花粉学的观点，对科内某些分类群的划分进行了讨论。     

沿阶草亚科(百合科)的花粉形态及其属间亲缘关系的探讨

本文对山麦冬属Liriope 3种、沿阶草属Ophiopogon 24种和球子草属Peliosanthes 2种植物的花粉，用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了它们的花粉的形态以及外壁的超微结构。发现它们的花粉外壁纹饰和结构明显的可分为两类：1．皱波状类型：具穿孔类型，山麦冬属和沿阶草属大体属这一类，其外壁外层具覆盖层、柱状层和基层、内层不明显，内壁明显。  2．瘤状突起类型：球子草属大体属这一类，其瘤状突起大小不均，外壁外层无覆盖层，  柱状层为大小不均的小柱，内层不明显，内壁明显。 这表明山麦冬属和沿阶草属的关系密切，但它们与球子草属的关系则较远。本文还论述了这三属的花粉形态与外部形态之间的相关性，并讨论了这三属之间的进化关系。  山麦冬属、沿阶草属和球子草属的外壁纹饰和结构等特征均支持将这三属分成沿阶草族和球子草族的观点。