Contractual governance and the choice of dispute-resolution mechanisms: Evidence on technology licensing

In fast-paced and knowledge-intensive environments, licensing partnerships can be powerful levers for market expansion. Research on the management of technology-oriented licenses has nonetheless pointed out the risks of corrosive disputes caused by conflicting interests or misunderstandings among licensing partners. The choice made ex ante on mechanisms for resolving potential disputes is of prime importance in the execution of licensing exchanges. Although the legal literature has widely emphasized the advantages of arbitration towards litigation, public ordering remains the “default” option in managers’ eyes. By adopting a transaction cost economics logic, our study explores the conditions under which licensing partners may prefer arbitration over public ordering during the contractual-design phase. In accordance with our theoretical arguments, findings show that the occurrence of arbitration provisions increases when the coordination orientation adopted by licensing partners is extensive. In situations where both monitoring and coordination orientations are simultaneously extensive, results reveal a greater propensity to prefer arbitration over public ordering. Our research therefore supports the view that corporate decision-makers tend to favor the conciliatory stance and compromising awards typically associated with arbitration, only when exchanges are expected to be highly coordinative. Their preference for arbitration over litigation is magnified when the coordination orientation develops alongside the monitoring orientation.     

The interplay of cognitive and relational social capital dimensions in university-industry collaboration: Overcoming the experience barrier

The use of university-industry collaboration in the innovation process is viewed as a major driver of firm competitiveness. The organizational dynamics underlying successful external relationships, however, remain poorly understood. Using longitudinal case studies of 15 innovation projects, we examine how firms with varying degrees of experience in collaborating with universities and public research organizations rely on different social capital dimensions to achieve successful collaborations. We find that experienced firms establish external collaborations on the basis of cognitive social capital, but this basis is reinforced by relational social capital over time. Conversely, less experienced firms initially base their university collaborations on relational social capital, which is reinforced by cognitive social capital over time. Based on these findings, we theorize on the interplay of different dimensions of social capital in university-industry collaborations over time. Our study has important implications for the management of collaborative innovation projects. In particular, it provides guidance to enable less experienced firms to develop successful collaborations with university partners.     

内部社会资本、二元学习与研发团队创造力

团队成员工作积极性不高与创造力不够是阻碍研发团队创新的最大问题,良好关系下的团队成员知识交流与思维碰撞对于研发团队创造力至关重要。以二元学习为中介变量,知识异质性为调节变量,构建了内部社会资本影响研发团队创造力的有调节的中介效应模型。采用结构方程模型,基于308个研发团队的数据的实证研究发现：结构资本和认知资本对研发团队创造力的直接影响显著,而关系资本对研发团队创造力的直接影响不显著;二元学习在结构资本及认知资本与研发团队创造力的关系中扮演部分中介角色,而在关系资本与研发团队创造力的关系中扮演完全中介角色;知识异质性正向调节二元学习中介效应。本研究有助于加强对团队创造力影响因素及作用机理的了解,也为提高研发团队创造力提供借鉴。     

青藏高原唐古拉山北坡D105点土壤温度的时间序列分析

通过对位于唐古拉山北坡的D105点不同尝试土壤温度时间序列的分析,表明各层日平均土壤温度的时间变化具有很好的年周期,其变化曲线为－正弦曲线。浅层土壤温度的波动比其较深层土壤温度的波动大,但对同一层而言,其波动程度尽管在夏半年略大于冬半年,但差别不大。地表、0.05m和0.2m深处,土壤日最高温度的变化幅度要明显大于最低温的变化幅度;同时,日最高温与日最低温的变化趋势并不完全一致。积雪可能对土壤日最高温、日最低温和日温差有较大影响。地表1a中的最大日温差可达60.4℃（1998年3月27日）,1a中极端日最高温度可达39.7℃,最低湿达－16.5℃。夏半年日温差明显大于冬半年,且日温差随深度的增加而减小,到80cm深处已基本上看不到明显的日温差。     

政府公共R&D与中国经济增长 ——基于协整的实证分析

本文利用协整方法,对我国1991~2005年的政府公共R&D不同方式与经济增长之间的关系进行检验,结果表明,中国政府公共R&D与经济增长之间存在长期的均衡关系,即公共R&D部门R&D经费的增加、资助企业R&D经费的增加都是国民经济增长的原因。这个结果也验证了Morales(2001)的研究结论。同时也发现,公共R&D部门的应用研究对经济增长长期弹性为负数,并对此做出尝试性解释。     

Do University policies make a difference?

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the technical universities have been more successful in facilitating the spillover and commercialization of knowledge. We compare the impact of technical and general universities on the performance of knowledge-based firms. Based on a unique data set consisting of publicly held high technology firms, the empirical evidence suggests that, in fact, firm performance is not influenced by the type of university. Technical universities do not have a differential impact on firm performance from more general universities.     

Behavioural additionality of R&D subsidies: A learning perspective

The use of R&D grants as a policy instrument has been motivated by economic arguments of market failure. Neo-classical econometric studies have analysed the additionality of one Euro of subsidies on both the investments of companies in the R&D process and the output of that R&D process. More recently, behavioural additionality has been launched as a third form of additionality. In contrast to input and output additionality, behavioural additionality is related to changes in the processes that take place within the firm. In this paper, we analyse the determinants of the behavioural additionality of R&D grants. To explain the mechanism through which behavioural additionality is obtained, we use organizational learning theory as a guide to formulate our hypotheses. Hypotheses are tested using a telephone survey of 192 recipients of R&D grants provided by the IWT in Flanders in 2001–2004, matched to a sample of 84 firms that undertake innovation activities but which had never had a grant bid accepted. We find that congenital learning and interorganizational learning lead to increased behavioural additionality. However, these learning effects decrease with the number of subsidized projects that are undertaken by the company.     

海外研发中心促进母公司创新绩效了吗？

   本文围绕“设立海外研发中心与母公司创新绩效”的关系展开理论研究,认为海外研发中心的设立,是新兴市场国家企业在国际化战略中追赶发达国家企业的重要方式,并对于母公司创新绩效存在正向影响。在此基础上建立固定效应模型进行实证分析,选取汽车行业作为研究对象,结果证明：海外研发中心能够更好地将获取的国际资源转化为专利数量为代表的母公司创新绩效,但对专利质量为代表的母公司创新绩效的作用效果有所不同;国有控股企业因国内政策支持反而会受到东道国的某些限制,从而抑制母公司创新绩效的提升;当企业自身能力较弱,无法独立建立海外研发中心时,企业可以采用并购海外技术先进型企业并在并购企业所在地建立研发中心的方式达到事半功倍的效果。在此基础上,本文从企业层面和政府层面提出我国汽车制造业进一步创新发展的路径。     

同构型知识基础合作研发伙伴的优势

在专利竞赛的压力下,企业普遍选择知识基础多元化、网络化路线。基于汽车产业1999—2010年专利数据和负二项混合回归模型的实证研究表明,企业自身知识基础多元化与创新产出正相关,而自身知识基础网络密度与创新产出负相关;合作研发伙伴知识基础多元化正向调节自身知识基础多元化,合作研发伙伴知识基础网络密度正向调节自身知识基础网络密度。同构型合作研发伙伴有利于企业自身吸收能力的释放,对于提升其创新产出更有优势。     

国内外企业研发投入差异化激励政策研究

梳理近期国内外实施的企业研发投入差异化激励政策,提出完善我国企业研发投入财税激励政策的对策建议。