Institutional complementarities: The origins of experimentation in China’s plug-in electric vehicle industry

A vast literature on technology transitions within industries suggests that early phases of new technologies are marked by periods of intense experimentation, but we know little about the conditions under which these periods emerge. We apply inductive, grounded theory-building techniques to examine what prompts firms to experiment across one emerging technology platform—plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)—in China. Triangulating annual vehicle make and model sales data from 2003 to 2016 (plus monthly data from 2010 to 2016); 112 English and Mandarin archival documents from industry, academic, and news outlets; and 51 semi-structured interviews with industry, government, and academic stakeholders, we develop four in-depth case studies. We find that in contrast to the innovation trajectories of multinational and Chinese arms of joint venture (JV) firms, independent domestic Chinese firms (those with no history of international JV partnerships) are undertaking significant experimentation across multiple levels—infrastructure, core system, subsystem, and component—of the emerging PEV technology platform. We propose the concept of “institutional complementarities” to describe how interactions among institutions—here the national JV regulation and local market support and subsidies—may have turned regional markets into protected laboratories, extending the incubation periods for independent domestic firm experimentation. While this diverse experimentation may be an important antecedent of technology transition, consolidation induced by national policy standardization or competitive pressure may be required for PEV innovations to scale beyond their early, protected regional markets.     

基于AT89C52实现的多种波形发生器的设计

介绍了利用单片机实现多种波形产生的方法,同时对设计中涉及的硬件电路及程序设计进行了详细的分析和论述.     

点阵电子显示屏制作

该系统采用标准8×8LED点阵模块构成16行×64列点阵显示的LED电子显示屏,用Amtel 89S52单片机控制LED点阵实现动态显示,能完成LED的亮度连续可调、基本汉字显示、滚动显示汉字、信息的左滚屏显示、时间实时显示、数据存储、掉电保护、PC机串口通信、上位机软件和USB接口与计算机通讯等功能。     

Effects of decentralization on school resources

Sweden has undertaken major national reforms of its school sector, which, consequently, has been classified as one of the most decentralized ones in the OECD. This paper investigates whether local tax base, grants, and preferences affected local school resources differently as decentralization took place. We find that municipal tax base affects per pupil spending in the same way regardless of whether the school sector is centralized or decentralized, but has a smaller effect on teacher–pupil ratio after the reforms. The less-targeted grants are the fewer teachers per pupil do the municipalities employ. The results for local preferences are less clear-cut.     

开发基于AT89S52单片机的红外无线PPM发射机

本文从硬件和软件设计分析了红外无线PPM的设计过程.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor alleviates brain injury following global ischemia reperfusion in rabbits

The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on brain injury following global ischemia reperfusion and its mechanisms. Brain injury following global ischemia was induced by four vessels occlusion and systemic hypotension. Twenty-four rabbits were randomized into three groups: group A, only dissection of vessels; group B, intravenous infusion of normal saline after reperfusion for 6 h; group C, 30 μg/kg bFGF injected intravenously at the onset of reperfusion, then infused with 10 μg/(kg·h) for 6 h. Serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), S-100B, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured before ischemia, 30 min after ischemia, 0.5, 1, 3, 6 h after reperfusion. Brain water content was determined and cerebral histopathological damages were compared. NSE and S-100B were increased 1 h after reperfusion and reached their peaks 6 h after reperfusion, but were much higher in group B than those in group C 3, 6 h after reperfusion. In groups B and C, TNF-a was increased after ischemia and IL-1 and IL-8 were increased significantly 0.5 h after reperfusion, then reached their peaks 6 h, 3 h, 6 h after reperfusion respectively. TNF-a and IL-8 at the time points of 1 h and 3 h and IL-1 at 3 h and 6 h in group C were correspondingly lower than those in group B. These indices in group A were nearly unchanged. There were less severe cerebral histopathological damages in group C compared with group B, but no difference in brain water content. It could be concluded that bFGF alleviates brain injury following global ischemia and reperfusion by down-regulating expression of inflammatory factors and inhibiting their activities.     

基于89C52的GPS板电路设计与实现

介绍了基于89C52的GPS板电路设计与实现,基于GPS技术,利用89C52单片机实现卫星导航电文的接收与处理,将纬度、经度、高度、速度、日期、时间等导航信息存储在单片机固定单元中,并不断更新.详细介绍了GPS板电路的硬件设计和软件编程.该电路具有设计制造成本低、使用方便、测试简单等优点.     

基于微控制器的仓库温度湿度控制系统的设计

介绍了以AT89S52单片机为控制单元、温度传感器DS18820与湿度传感器SHT10为主要控制器件,实现多点温度、湿度的测量、控制和显示,并对数据实时记录以到达对实时变化的温度、湿度信息的需求。并采用VB6．0软件进行上住机程序设计。     

火灾自动报警系统设计

本系统是以现实生活的应用为背景,设计的一种预先告警火灾隐患及火灾危情的自动告警系统,在有安全隐患时能够及时报警,同时切断供电系统,打开灭火设备,从而对火情火险有一定程度的抑制。本系统是以微控制器为核心,温度传感器、烟雾传感器等多种传感器采集信息的综合告警系统。该系统具有告警灵敏、自动控制、自动报警、实用价值高、成本及维护费用低等突出特性。