新专利法实施后药品“强制许可”大有可为

从专利制度建立以来,专利权和公共健康权之问的斗争就没有停止过。不断完善的药品专利强制许可制度是解决药品专利保护与公共健康之间矛盾的一种平衡措施。新修订的《中华人民共和国专利法》打开了我国药品进出口的“强制许可”大门,作为一个负责任的最大的发展中国家,中国在保护全人类的公众健康方面应该大有可为。由于强制许可也存在诸多负面效应,所以使用时要适可而止。     

When access to drugs meets catch-up: Insights from the use of CL threats to improve access to ARV drugs in Brazil

Access to affordable lifesaving medicines is considered a human right. This leads to a question largely understudied in the catch-up literature on accumulation of industrial capabilities. Can the need to improve access to an essential commodity impact the sectoral catch-up trajectory of the corresponding industry? In 1996, Brazil initiated a policy of universal and free access to highly-active ARV therapy, which put an enormous pressure on the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH). In order to ensure an adequate supply of ARVs in the public healthcare system with a limited budget, MoH started negotiating price reductions for high-cost patented drugs, often deploying the threat of using compulsory licensing. Through a scoping review of the literature and construction of the Brazilian case study, the paper explores how the need to access is impacted by prior catch-up in the pharmaceutical sector and triggers in turn future sectoral catch-up. It shows that price negotiations may or may not impact both catch-up and access positively. Catch-up can provide bargaining strength in price negotiations and have a positive inter-temporal impact on both future catch-up and access. However, results suggest that only successful catch-up can lead to long term access, as the capabilities accumulated in aborted catch-up are not sufficient for large scale production of low cost essential medicines. Thus, industrial policy and health policy can impact one another and twining between catch-up and access can be helpful.     

开源软件商业模式结构化分析研究

随着开源软件的普及与发展,与之相关的商业模式呈现多样化态势。基于商业模式与软件本身的紧密程度,对11种商业模式进行结构化分析,并将其归纳为四大类:许可证类、直接配套类、间接配套类以及附属产品类。研究表明:(1)直接配套类商业模式的种类比许可证类、间接配套类以及附属产品类均多;(2)企业常采用多种开源软件商业模式的组合策略;(3)不同商业模式所用许可证类别具有很大的差别,大量开源软件逐渐从选择限制性许可证转向宽松许可证。     

国际知识产权保护中的人权问题——从药品强制许可谈起

在当前的国际贸易中,日益受重视的国际知识产权保护和以生命权、健康权为核心的基本人权发生了冲突。在WTO的体制下,TRIPS协议进行了一系列相应的调整,从《多哈宣言》到《关于TRIPS协议和公共健康的多哈宣言第六段的执行决议》,人权在知识产权保护中占据了更重要的地位。文章从药品强制许可这一与人权关系极为密切的制度出发分析知识产权中的人权保护的正当性和必要性。     

The interaction effects of online reviews and free samples on consumers’ downloads: An empirical analysis

Consumers’ software purchase decisions are influenced both by online reviews and by their experiences with free samples provided by firms. This paper empirically investigates the differential effects of online reviews (user and editor ratings) on consumers’ sample downloading behavior, using a dataset drawn from a large software free sampling website CNET.com. Our findings extend the previous research by suggesting that information disclosure levels of free samples (indicated by licenses) moderates the impacts of online reviews on consumers’ sample downloads. For samples that disclose a great level of information, higher user ratings can increase downloads; otherwise, higher user ratings fail to increase downloads. When both user and editor ratings are available to consumers, only user ratings can increase sample downloads. The findings can be explained by consumers’ two-stage information process whereby consumers first refer to online reviews and then determine whether to sample software. This study provides practical implications on the design of information disclosure channel and offers suggestions for firms regarding how to select and apply sample licenses.     

Lassoing the Licensing Beast: How Electronic Resources Librarians Can Build Competency and Advocate for Wrangling Electronic Content Licensing

The role electronic resources librarians (ERLs) have in licensing electronic content is the most relevant in the breadth of an ERLs core responsibilities. While ERLs are rarely lawyers in addition to being librarians, the role they play in educating stakeholders, negotiating with publishers and vendors, and crafting understanding of licensing terms is integral for the success of a rapidly growing and changing electronic collections environment. Often, new ERLs have to learn these skills on the job. Discussed are tools and resources for new ERLs to build their electronic content licensing competency and insight on how to educate to advocate for the ERLs role in licensing.     

Machines as readers： A solution to the copyright problem

INTRODUCTION Everyone associated with digital libraries, and especially participants in the joint China-India-USA Million Book Project, assumes that it will be benefi- cial to mankind to digitize all the works ever pub- lished and make them available over the Internet, whether for fee or otherwise. However, it is difficult to find a clear printed agenda explaining how society will be enriched aside from the obvious advantages of preservation, indexing and efficient digital distribu- ti…     

从外部管理走向内部规范--20世纪末美国教师证书制度的专业化方向

20世纪80年代以来,基础教育改革的新要求促使美国教师证书制度进一步提高专业化程度.改革主要表现在两个方面:一是从概念和体制上规范证书制度;二是加大专业团体参与标准制定与资格审查的力度,教师证书制度由外部管理走向内部规范,实现了非专业管理向专业规范的转化.     

基于径向基神经网络的车牌字符识别算法研究

根据车牌中字符的形态特征和横向纹理属性,以小波空间作为车牌字符识别的特征空间,提取字符的小波统计特征作为RBF神经网络的输入进行字符识别。实验结果表明本文提出的算法是一种切实可行、准确高效的方法,对复杂背景下拍摄的汽车牌照识别具有很好的鲁棒性。     

电子资源DLF ERMI许可管理标准及实践

[目的/意义]针对目前图书馆电子资源许可协议手工化管理的现状,了解和利用下一代图书馆管理系统的管理标准,提高图书馆电子资源许可协议的自动化管理水平和效率,增强图书馆对电子资源的管理能力。[方法/过程]概要介绍DLF ERMI项目,对项目的重要成果——电子资源许可的系统管理标准进行介绍和分析,并以下一代图书馆管理系统Alma为例展示管理标准的实践效果。[结果/结论]图书馆需充分了解和实践其所遵循的数据标准和管理标准,才能更好地实现下一代图书馆管理系统的本地优化和应用。