Fluid ingestion and exercise hyperthermia: Implications for performance,thermoregulation, metabolism and the development of fatigue

The development of fatigue during exercise and the subsequent onset of exhaustion occur earlier in the heat than in cooler environments. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the premature development of fatigue in the heat have yet to be clearly identified. However, the proposed mechanisms include metabolic, cardiovascular and central nervous system perturbations, together with an elevated core temperature. Fluid ingestion is one of three strategies that have been shown to be successful in enhancing the performance of endurance exercise in the heat, with the other interventions being precooling and acclimatization. However, like the development of fatigue in the heat, the mechanisms by which fluid ingestion allows for improved exercise performance remain unclear. We propose that fluid ingestion enhances exercise performance in the heat by increasing the heat storage capacity of the body. We suggest that the thermoregulatory, metabolic and cardiovascular alterations that occur as a result of this increased heat storage capacity contribute to performance enhancement when fluid is ingested during exercise heat stress.     

Personal and situational factors that predict coping strategies for acute stress among basketball referees

The aim of this study was to establish the ways in which coping style and situational appraisals are related to the consistency of using approach and avoidance coping strategies for skilled Australian basketball referees (n = 133) after three game-related stressful events. The events, ‘making a mistake’, ‘aggressive reactions by coaches or players’ and ‘presence of important others’, were determined from previous research on sources of acute stress among basketball officials. Our findings indicated that: referees exhibited consistent avoidance, but not approach, coping styles; they used more avoidance than approach strategies; and they perceived stress to be positively correlated with approach, and negatively associated with avoidance, coping strategies. These findings suggest that individual differences exist in perceptions of stress (i.e. situational appraisals), controllability and coping styles among moderately and highly skilled basketball referees. The implications for teaching cognitive and behavioural strategies for effective coping with acute stress in basketball officiating are discussed.     

Sources of stress,burnout and intention to terminate among rugby union referees

We examined sources of stress, burnout and intention to terminate among rugby union referees. Questionnaires were returned by 682 of 1175 referees (58%) from Wales, Scotland and England. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed four correlated sources of stress factors (performance concerns, time pressure, interpersonal conflict and fear of physical harm), which accounted for 49.6% of the variance. Referees believed the first three factors to be mildly related to their stress. They believed fear of physical harm to be unrelated to their stress. A structural model hypothesizing that time pressure and interpersonal conflict predict burnout, and that age and burnout predict intention to terminate refereeing, fit the observed data. The goodness-of-fit index for this model was 0.96. Our results and those of other studies indicate that interpersonal conflict and time pressure are common sources of stress for sport officials and are frequently related to their burnout experiences. Also, age and burnout are frequently, although only marginally, related to intention to terminate.     

一个新的等参数奇异单元

本文推导得到了一个新的等参数奇异单元,它仍然是四边形四分之一节点奇异元。数值实验表明,它要比常用的四边形四分之一节点奇异元精度更好,使用这种单元可以使断裂问题的有限元计算效果更好。在计算过程中还利用到改进等参变换。     

外踝短缩对踝关节面应力分布的影响

目的：探讨外踝短缩所致创伤性踝关节炎发生的生物力学机制。方法：选取8只新鲜冷冻尸体下肢，分别在外踝正常长度、短缩113、短缩213和短缩313的情况下，测量和分析踝关节面应力分布的变化。结果：踝关节应力接触区大致呈三角形，外踝短缩后踝关节面应力分布发生变化，以向前、内、外侧压力增高最为显著。结论：外踝短缩后踝关节面应力分布发生明显变化。这可能是导致创伤性关节炎发生的重要机制。     

《冲压工艺学》圆筒拉深过程应力应变状态分析授课探讨

圆筒形件的应力应变分析对于应对实际生产中可能出现的各种缺陷至关重要,在实际授课过程中,学生普遍反映该部分理解起来较为抽象,相关教材中也存在不尽完善之处。文章通过理论分析对圆筒形件拉深过程进行分析,不仅完善了相关教学理论,使学生接受起来更加容易,并且根据实际教学总结相关口诀,使得关键知识点更加易于记忆。     

SH波在功能梯度压电带拼接半无限大压电材料中共线双裂纹处的散射问题

分析了SH波在功能梯度压电带拼接半无限大压电材料中共线双裂纹处的散射,基于功能梯度压电材料参数指数模型,在裂纹面电渗透性边界条件下,利用Fourier积分变换将问题转化成对偶积分方程,并利用Copson方法对问题进行了求解,最后通过数值算例表明了右裂纹尖端的动应力强度因子受波数和梯度参数的影响情况.     

震后慢性创伤后应激障碍青少年焦虑状况及其影响因素研究

目的研究5.12地震所致慢性创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)青少年的焦虑状况及其影响因素。方法使用状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)对83例慢性创伤后应激障碍青少年的焦虑状况进行测查,并使用应付方式问卷及苦恼表露指数量表对二者与焦虑的关系及影响力进行研究;结果慢性创伤后应激障碍青少年的焦虑症状与应付方式量表的自责及苦恼表露指数存在显著相关(P<0.01),特质焦虑和应付方式的合理化存在显著相关(P<0.05);多元逐步回归分析后发现,苦恼表露指数及应付方式的自责因子对焦虑的解释贡献率达15.0%;结论慢性创伤后应激障碍青少年需增加其对他人的苦恼表露,同时对地震这一负性生活事件也应避免采用消极的应付方式(如自责、退避等)去面对从而逐渐降低其焦虑等不良心身反应。     

Communication of social support to sexual harassment victims: Professors’ responses to a student’s narrative of unwanted sexual attention

University professors are important sources of social support for students who have been sexually harassed. However, research has not investigated how professors communicate with students who seek help in coping with this distressful problem. This study examines the types of social support provided by 96 professors in response to a student’s narrative of unwanted sexual attention, and factors that influence their support. The results show that professors provided the student with more problem solving than emotional support. Consistent with the social support model that was a foundation for the study, the types of support were associated with the sex of the professors and student, and the professors’ tolerance for sexual harassment.     

Towards a Preliminary Understanding of the Social Organization of Public Libraries:

Three public libraries were examined to assess their patterns of social interaction as determined by oral communication, with the primary aim of the research being to identify liaisons within the communications network. A subsidiary aim was to determine the 'fit' of the emergent with the formal organizational structure. It was possible to compare the structures of the organizations in two cases, and in both of these cases the emergent (informal) structure matched the formal structure quite closely. Library and Information Center managers need to attach some degree of importance to such knowledge as the informal and formal structural fit may impinge upon organizational effectiveness.