放松退耕地间种约束的政策合理性与有效性检验——基于贵州省新一轮退耕还林的农户调查

新一轮退耕还林在保护生态环境和促进农户增收方面被赋予重要期待。本文基于范围经济理论,利用贵州省的退耕农户调查数据,测算农户的间种的范围经济和范围利润水平,利用似不相关回归和面板Tobit模型分析间种对农户范围经济、范围利润和经济林管护的影响。研究发现,放松退耕地间种约束具有一定的合理性,但其有效性的发挥还需进行相应的政策调整。具体表现为：①双作物间种的范围经济水平高于单作物间种,经济作物间种的范围利润水平最高。具体的,“经济林+豆类+薯类”的范围经济值最高,平均值为0.835;“经济林+豆类”和“经济林+烤烟”的范围经济水平最低,平均值分别为0.205和0.142;“经济林+豆类”的范围利润值最低,平均为-0.457,“经济林+烤烟”的范围利润值最高,平均为0.908。②间种强度与范围经济、范围利润之间存在“倒U型”关系,间种并非越多越好;间种强度每增加1%,经济林的成活率会增加3.0%,但随着间种强度的增加,经济林的成活率将逐步下降;③相比间种粮食作物,种植经济作物更不利于经济林的管护。本文研究结果可为巩固新一轮退耕还林成果提供现实依据和理论参考。     

农村中小学布局调整利弊分析

由于农村学校生源减少、税费改革及社会和人民对高质量教育的需求,2001年至2012年我国进行了轰轰烈烈的农村中小学布局工作。农村中小学布局的调整是发展所趋,取得了一定的成效,但也出现了一些问题。本文在分析农村中小学布局调整利弊的基础上,针对不足提出了一些改进措施。     

Physical and sexual abuse in orphaned compared to non-orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis

This systematic review assessed the quantitative literature to determine whether orphans are more likely to experience physical and/or sexual abuse compared to non-orphans in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It also evaluated the quality of evidence and identified research gaps. Our search identified 10 studies, all published after 2005, from Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya and Uganda. The studies consisted of a total 17,336 participants (51% female and 58% non-orphans). Of those classified as orphans (n = 7,315), 73% were single orphans, and 27% were double orphans. The majority of single orphans were paternal orphans (74%). Quality assessment revealed significant variability in the quality of the studies, although most scored higher for general design than dimensions specific to the domain of orphans and abuse. Combined estimates of data suggested that, compared to non-orphans, orphans are not more likely to experience physical abuse (combined OR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.79, 1.16]) or sexual abuse (combined OR = 1.25, 95% CI [0.88, 1.78]). These data suggest that orphans are not systematically at higher risk of experiencing physical or sexual abuse compared to non-orphans in sub-Saharan Africa. However, because of inconsistent quality of data and reporting, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Several recommendations are made for improving data quality and reporting consistency on this important issue.     

国外高等教育规模经济的研究方法述评

高等教育规模经济是教育经济学研究中的一个重要概念,同时也是政府制定政策的一个有用工具。但我国对高等教育规模经济的研究非常薄弱,尤其体现在研究方法上。本文系统概括了西方研究高等教育规模经济的方法,重点阐述和评价了其中四个关键内容：投入产出界定、成本函数形式选择、估计方法、规模经济计算。     

Teachers’ stress intensifies violent disciplining in Tanzanian secondary schools

Violent forms of discipline in schools continue to be widespread across the globe despite their damaging effects. Since little is known about factors influencing the extent of violence applied by teachers, this study aimed to investigate the influence of teachers’ stress, work satisfaction, and personal characteristics on their disciplining style. Using structural equation modeling, associations between violent discipline, burnout symptoms, and job perceptions (pressure and difficulties in class) reported by 222 teachers from 11 secondary schools in Tanzania in 2015 were analyzed. Results indicated a direct association between perceived stress and emotional violent discipline (β = .18, p < .05) as well as physical violent discipline (β = .37, p < .001). Perceived stress also mediated the association between job perceptions and both forms of violent disciplining. The model showed good model fit (χ² [44, n = 222] = 67.47 (p = .013), CFI = .94, TLI = .91, IFI = .94, RMSEA = .049 [90%-CI = .02–.07, PCLOSE = .50], SRMR = .06). Our findings suggest that teachers’ personal perceptions of their work as well as their stress burden play a role in their disciplining styles. Our findings underline the importance of integrating topics, such as stress and coping as well as positive, nonviolent discipline measures into the regular teacher’s training and in addition to develop and evaluate school-based preventative interventions for teachers.