Intellectual property infringements due to R&D abroad? A comparative analysis between firms with international and domestic innovation activities

This paper aims to analyse the risk of intellectual property (IP) infringements by competitors from abroad and in particular to consider whether this risk is higher for international innovating firms. We distinguish three different types of IP infringements from abroad: the usage of firms’ technical inventions, product piracy, and copying of corporate names and designs. Our analysis rests on the German data from the Europe-wide Community Innovation Survey (CIS). We use a unique data set of about 900 observations, which are retrieved from two survey waves. While the earlier wave contains information about international and domestic innovation activities, the later wave reports IP infringements. In a second analysis, the likelihood of infringements from innovation host countries and no-innovation host countries abroad is examined. Before the empirical analysis, an exploratory study was carried out in China with interviews of German firms with innovation activities in China and with a legal advisor for small and medium-sized German enterprises. The results show that firms with international R&D activities are increasing their chances of losing technological knowledge to their local competitors abroad. R&D activities in countries with weak intellectual property rights increase the risk for all types of IP infringements compared to domestic R&D activities. Infringements by competitors from the host country are driven by the production of new produces in this country. Export intensity is the major driver of infringements from no-innovation host countries. R&D activities in China and North America also increase the risk of an infringement. However, firms that innovate only in their home country experience significantly more product piracy cases than international innovating firms.     

R&D co-operation and innovation a microeconometric study on French firms

The scope of this paper is to report new empirical evidence on the determinants of R&D co-operation. Indeed, the literature on the capabilities of firms emphasises the role of knowledge in the performance and evolution of firms who use knowledge developed in others to build their own knowledge capital. R&D co-operation between firms is one of the many strategies by which this knowledge may be transmitted. Several theoretical models have stressed that R&D co-operation is more likely when the level of spillovers is high. While this supposition is used in many theoretical models, it has rarely been tested before. Our results do not lend strong support to this intuition. Indeed, our spillover variables (national pure spillovers, national rent spillovers and imports of machine tools), which were supposed to match the theoretical notion of spillovers used in these theoretical models have a positive but not a significant role when explaining R&D co-operation. The R&D co-operation increases with size and with R&D intensity, but not with market share. It also increases with the budget spent on paying license fees and on acquiring patents and labour from foreign firms. In this study, we also analyse the determinants of innovation. In more precise terms, we compare the effects of R&D co-operation to those played by traditional internal factors and those exerted by external, pure and rent spillovers on the innovation capacity of the firms. Our results show that the commercial success of innovations of French firms depends mainly on size, market share, R&D intensity and human capital. Inward FDI from industrialised countries exerts a positive and significant effect. The finding highlights the important role of the absorptive capacity of firms. Spillover measurements, such as the acquisition of machine tools, foreign patents, licenses, and technological opportunities have a positive impact on innovation.     

铝电解电容器多路老练电流实时测控系统设计

为提高老练过程的效率与可靠性,设计了铝电解电容器多路老练电流实时测控系统。系统由老化电路、测控电路、串行通信电路及PC机软件所构成。选用MSP430F2274作为主控制器,通过对多路老练电流的并行测量与通道切换,实现了批量电容器的集中测量与故障判别。经测试,判别准确率为100%,达到设计指标要求。     

毛茛科金莲花族和升麻族细胞学的比较研究

对毛茛科金莲花族Trolliese和升麻族Cimicifugeae的细胞学进行了比较研究。发现驴蹄草Caltha palustris L．在云南西北部形成一个多倍体系列(2n=32，48，64)，四倍体细胞型(2n=4x=32)较为常见，其核型有明显的居群间变异。驴蹄草属Caltha、鸡爪草属Calathodes、Megaleranthis以及金莲花属Trollius的染色体在大小上基本相似，都属于中等大小的R-型染色体。细胞学和花粉学证据都支持鸡爪草属与Megaleranthis和金莲花属有较近的亲缘关系。铁破锣属Beesia、Anemonopsis、黄三七属Souliea、升麻属Cimicifuga以及类叶升麻属Actaea的核型彼此基本相似，在染色体大小和形态上都与驴蹄草属、鸡瓜草属、Megaleranthis以及金莲花属的核型明显有别。细胞学证据表明铁破锣属应是升麻族中的成员。     

数字信号处理(DSP)开放实验教学探讨

数字信号处理（Digital Signal Process,简称DSP）是利用专用或通用数字信处理芯片，通过数字计算的方法进行处理，TI公司提供的DSK（DSP STARTER KIT）套板是基于TMS320C5402数字信号处理器的DSP开发，教学实验系统，本文对利用这一系统开发的实验内容和实验教学方法等进行了详细的阐述。     

基于PIC16F946的IC卡燃气表的设计

介绍了基于PIC16F946 IC卡燃气表的设计、PIC16F946芯片的特点、给出了设计电路图和程序流程,对锈蚀问题进行了讨论并给出了采用模糊控制的解决方案。     

基于MSP430F449单片机的数据采集实验设计

新型MSP430系列单片机具有低电压、超低功耗、丰富的片内外设和方便高效的开发环境等特点,典型应用于捕捉模拟信号的传感系统。并具体介绍了一种基于MSP430F449单片机的数据采集实验设计方法。此设计方案已经得到应用。     

关于F.Smarandache简单函数的均值

主要利用解析的方法研究了函数d（p（n））的均值性质,并给出了它的两个有趣的渐近公式.     

基于MSP430F449单片机的24BYJ48步进电机控制

该文介绍了步进电机工作原理,结合MSP430F449单片机,给出MSP430F449单片机的24BYJ48步进电机控制的接口电路及程序实现。文章介绍的硬件和软件均经过实践检验,结构简单,使用方便。     

论文发表系统:完备分类与中长期格局演化

[目的/意义]互联网时代出现看多种新论文发表系统,对多种论文发表系统之间逻辑分类关系以及彼此之间的中长期格局演化进行讨论。[方法/过程]从论文发表系统对一篇论文是否进行评议、评议是否分级、是否拒稿3个维度提出论文交流系统分类框架,将期刊、预印本、F1000 Research、在线评级平台4种论文发表系统全部统一在一个分类框架中。另外,基于研究者与研究管理部门对论文交流系统的不同需求,定性分析了论文交流系统的中长期演化格局。[结果/结论]中长期看,在线评级平台将对期刊系统形成明显冲击,期刊内部两极分化。