Intellectual property rights,trade agreements,and international trade

The global process of strengthening and harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) systems has been intensified in the last twenty five years by the signing of trade agreements (TAs) that include chapters with intellectual property (IP) provisions and other trade-related issues. This paper provides a first exploration of whether and how the signing of TAs with IP chapters influences bilateral trade flows for a balanced panel of 110 countries and the period 1995–2013. We address methodological issues related to the assessment of the effect of TAs on bilateral trade. We use matching econometrics to evaluate the treatment of TAs with and without IP chapters. In addition, we estimate the effects of TAs on bilateral trade in a more dynamic fashion using a panel data approach based on the gravity model. Also, we perform our analysis for trade in low- and high-IP intensive products. We found that both types of TAs increase bilateral trade but TAs with no IPRs chapters have a stronger positive effect on trade. However, if we include lags to consider that TAs with IP chapters might need a longer implementation time, the net expected increase on trade is similar for both types of TAs. We also found that the effects depend on the development level of countries and on the IP intensity of products. We found a clear positive effect for developed countries, but we do not observe important gains for developing countries in all sectors and to all destinations derived from TAs with IP chapters. This raises the question of whether trade gains can compensate the effort related with IP reforms.     

基于STM32F103的电力载波小型路由器设计与实现

为解决高校节能监管系统配电站分布离散,各站内计量点规模不大时的远程集抄问题,以STM32F103处理器为核心,扩展了DL/T645-2007协议的定义,设计支持3级中继功能的电力载波（power line carrier,PLC）小型路由器。路由器以载波芯片为圆心,实际通信距离为半径,构成等效的直抄、一级中继、二级中继和三级中继蜂窝模型,并以此为基础,建立一个逻辑上以路由器为根节点,各级蜂窝覆盖圆为层次的多叉树遍历查询结构,实现了中继路由图的建立和自动中继转发抄表。所设计的中继技术在低压电力载波通信和智能水表远程集抄领域得到了成功应用,可以低成本地替代RS485以实现能耗系统的远程抄控。     

On the value of foreign PhDs in the developing world: Training versus selection effects in the case of South Africa

When seeking to improve science in emerging economies, uncertainty exists whether PhD training in an emerging economy can yield comparable results to PhD training in the developed world. Scientific achievements may vary because of excellent training at good universities, but also because excellent students select (and are selected by) good universities. This paper compares the career effects of overseas and domestic PhD training for scholars working in an emerging economy, South Africa. We differentiate between and examine both selection and training effects for PhDs from three tiers of South African and two tiers of foreign universities. South African academics with PhDs from universities in industrialised countries generally achieve greater career success than those with local PhDs, but training by universities in industrialised countries is not necessarily better than local training. Our results suggest that the perceived superiority of foreign PhD training stems from selection rather than do training effects, and pure selection effects in fact explain career outcomes better than training effects. Focusing on training rather than selection, PhDs from top South African universities produce a similar quantity and quality research output to those trained by the leading universities in the developed world. From the perspective of an emerging economy with limited resources wishing to advance science, the development of local universities should thus be stressed, although it is clear that individuals who are able to study for a PhD abroad gain personally when they return.     

Checking the underlying structure of R-SPQ-2F using covariance structure analysis / Comprobación de la estructura subyacente del R-SPQ-2F mediante análisis de estructura de covarianza

The R-SPQ-2F is an instrument used in many studies to measure learning approaches. However, its internal structure is still a matter of debate. It is important to confirm its underlying structure in order to find out which variables are being measured with it. A survey method is used with 279 students of the Faculty of Education at the University of León, and alternative models found in the literature are compared using covariance structure analysis, specifically, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). We conclude that the structure that best fits the data is a two-factor structure in line with the results obtained in other studies. Future research should take these two primary factors into account when interpreting their findings. Solutions are also offered for improving the scale with the original 20 items.     

苦荞麦中赖氨酸含量测定研究

采用茚三酮显色法,以苦荞麦中赖氨酸得率为考察指标,测定了十二种苦荞麦种子中赖氨酸的含量。结果表明,不同种的苦荞麦种子中赖氨酸含量存在着一定的差异。其中,六盘水地区荞麦赖氨酸含量较高。     

心肺适能运动处方强度计算方法的比较和应用

通过对1465例不同地区18-72岁的普通人群进行二次试验,并对其中211位年龄较大的受试者进行递增运动负荷试验(GXT),比较用两种常用的心肺适能运动处方强度计算方法所得到的靶心率,探讨这两种运动强度计算方法的利弊和应用。研究认为:当F.C.≥10时(年龄大约在40岁以下),用220-年龄来推测F.C.更合理;当F.C.<10时(年龄大约在40岁以上),用195-年龄来推测F.C.更合理。在进行运动强度计算时,用VO2R%替代VO2%来计算THR更合理,并可以解决实践应用中"当F.C.比较高时,用VO2%计算的THR过高以至于在实践中很难达到"以及"当F.C.比较低时,用VO2%来计算的THR过低,甚至低于安静时心率而出现应用困难"的问题。     

The maturation of global corporate R&D: Evidence from the activity of U.S. foreign subsidiaries

This study empirically investigates the impact of foreign country factors like market size, technological strength of industries, and science and engineering (S&E) capability on the conduct of U.S. overseas R&D during the 1991-2002 period. We find that overseas markets primarily predict the entry of U.S. R&D, while the S&E capability of nations is strongly correlated with the post-entry intensity of U.S. foreign subsidiaries’ innovative activity. We also find important inter-industry differences: U.S. electrical, electronics, computer, and telecommunication industries are strongly drawn towards overseas S&E capacity; industries including Machinery, Automobiles, and Transport equipment are primarily attracted by the technological strength of foreign industry; U.S. R&D in Chemicals mostly follows overseas markets. We discuss the implications of our results to the global organization of innovative activity and innovation policy.     

基于DSP的电动助力转向控制器的软件开发

为了提高汽车操纵的性能,设计了以32位定点DSP芯片TMS320F28016为核心的电动助力转向系统控制器。以该系统中直流电机的输出电流为控制目标,分析了系统的工作原理,确定了系统的控制模式,采用PID控制策略对电流进行闭环控制,利用PWM技术控制电机的电压以调节助力电流的大小,设计开发了电动助力转向系统控制软件。     

利比:考古学时钟的发明及科学方法研究

历史地回顾了利比发明放射性碳素年代测定法的过程,运用科学认识和方法论探讨了其方法特点,对于未来科学研究具有积极的促进作用．     

A comparison of self-recording and self-recording plus consequences for on-task and assignment completion

The purpose of the present experiment was to compare the effects of providing backup reinforcers for accurate self-recording on both attending and academic output. Twelve behaviorally disordered special education students were randomly placed in one of three groups: self-recording (N = 4); self-recording + backups (N = 4), and a control group (N = 4). The outcomes revealed significantly different performance for on-task behavior and assignment completion. On-task and academic responding was significantly higher for both the self-recording and self-recording + backups groups when compared to a control group. Additional comparisons indicated that the performance of the two groups who self-monitored were not statistically different for either measure. Maintenance of treatment effects was higher for two groups (self-recording and self-recording + backups) than for the control group. These differential outcomes were discussed in terms of (a) accuracy of self-recording, (b) nature of the dependent variables employed, (c) ceiling effects, and (d) possible vicarious effects. The advantages of using self-recording with and without consequences were noted.