技术成果评价的社会学分析

随着科技的发展和知识经济社会的来临 ,同行评议在技术成果领域受到强有力的挑战 ,因此 ,我们是否应该寻求更为客观、公正与有效的评价模式 ?本文以社会学的视角 ,深入分析了同行评议内在的缺陷与不足、技术成果评价的原则和标准以及科学技术是第一生产力的社会学意涵。文章认为 ,同行评议已不适用于技术成果的评价 ,我们应当建立市场和社会相互结合的评价机制。评价不仅要考察技术成果的经济效益 ,还要评估其人文效应。     

Battles for technological dominance: an integrative framework

This paper proposes an integrative framework for understanding the process by which a technology achieves dominance when “battling” against other technological designs. We focus on describing the different stages of a dominance battle and propose five battle milestones that in turn define five key phases in the process. We review the literature from several disciplines to identify the key firm- and environment-level factors that affect the outcome of a technology battle and posit that the relative importance of each factor will vary depending on the phase considered. Our framework complements and extends existing literature and has implications both for theory and for management practice.     

Is the Internet a US invention?—an economic and technological history of computer networking

Although the inventions embodied in the Internet originated in a diverse set of industrial economies, the US was consistently the source of critical innovations and an early adopter of new applications. Why did other nations, including several that made important inventive contributions to the Internet, not play a larger role in its development, particularly in the creation of new business organizations, governance institutions, and applications? We argue that the role of the US “national innovation system” in the creation of the Internet echoes several key themes of US technological development before 1940. The presence of a large domestic market, a set of antitrust and regulatory policies that weakened the power of incumbent telecommunications firms, and a diverse private/public research community that was willing to work with both domestic and foreign inventions were important preconditions for US leadership in computer networking innovation.     

The discrete charm of the bourgeoisie: quantum and continuous perspectives on innovation and growth

This paper discusses the relative merits of discrete versus continuous perspectives on innovation, technical change, and economic growth. It discusses the innovation time series literature in some detail to extract the continuous and clustering properties of the historical record on innovation. It then proposes a mosaic/avalanche model based on percolation theory and self-organized criticality to address this question.     

Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study

This paper addresses the question of how technological transitions (TT) come about? Are there particular patterns and mechanisms in transition processes? TT are defined as major, long-term technological changes in the way societal functions are fulfilled. TT do not only involve changes in technology, but also changes in user practices, regulation, industrial networks, infrastructure, and symbolic meaning or culture. This paper practices ‘appreciative theory’ [R.R. Nelson, S.G. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Bellknap Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982] and brings together insights from evolutionary economics and technology studies. This results in a multi-level perspective on TT where two views of the evolution are combined: (i) evolution as a process of variation, selection and retention, (ii) evolution as a process of unfolding and reconfiguration. The perspective is empirically illustrated with a qualitative longitudinal case-study, the transition from sailing ships to steamships, 1780–1900. Three particular mechanisms in TT are described: niche-cumulation, technological add-on and hybridisation, riding along with market growth.     

我国技术市场发展存在的问题及对策

本文分析了我国技术市场发展的历程、现状以及存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了一些对策。     

Technological agglomeration and the emergence of clusters and networks in nanotechnology

Research and development at the nanoscale requires a large degree of integration, from convergence of research disciplines in new fields of enquiry to new linkages between start-ups, regional actors and research facilities. Based on the analysis of two clusters in nanotechnologies (MESA+ (Twente) and other centres in The Netherlands and Minatec in Grenoble in France), the paper discusses the phenomenon of technological agglomeration: co-located scientific and technological fields associated to coordinated technology platforms to some extent actively shaped by institutional entrepreneurs. Such co-location and coordination are probably a pre-requisite for the emergence of strong nanoclusters.     

城市是什么,如何发展——上海世博会的经济学意义

城市是人与人生活在一起的地方,人是城市的主体.城市的最主要价值应该是让人体会到生活之美好.科技进步是上海世博会的最大亮点,城市未来的发展依赖科技创新.文化传承与创新是城市发展的无形资本.上海世博会为人类可持续发展留下一份丰富的精神遗产,对我国城市化启示良多.     

新建本科院校科技服务社会的方式与创新策略——以池州学院为例

新建本科高校科技服务地方经济社会发展是其重要职能,服务方式主要有合作建立研究平台,联合申报科研项目,联合科技攻关,科技成果转化,科技特派员指导,区域文化研究与传播,区域决策咨询,科学普及等方式。     

技术干预模式:编目业务外包的一种新尝试

编目业务是图书馆专业技能要求较高的核心业务,如果外包质量控制不当,将导致图书馆信息资源组织质量下降。在编目业务外包过程中,图书馆采取技术培训、建立技术干预系统、加强技术干预后的跟踪和反馈等措施对外包人员实施技术干预,可以有效地控制编目外包质量,达到效率和质量的最佳平衡点。