精品课程,贵在参与,重在建设——来自国家精品课程“英语写作”团队的报告

2003年,教育部启动了国家精品课程建设项目;2007年,结合"质量工程"项目,继续推进精品课程建设工作。2010年,《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》发布,明确提出提高教学质量,是高等教育未来十年的发展方向。在此宏大背景之下,文章采用回顾的视角,总结了清华大学外语系申报国家精品课程"英语写作"(1-4级水平)的情况,介绍了在建过程中取得的阶段性成果,旨在加强互相交流,体现"人文关怀"视角下的"技术精巧"路线,促进写作课程的改革,实现优质教学资源的共建共享。     

Sailing in all winds: Technological search over the business cycle

Business cycles modify firms’ incentives to innovate and the direction of innovation. By introducing a new measure of patent unconventionality this paper explores the impact of the business cycle on firms’ technological search strategies. We find that during upturns firms generate inventions characterized by a higher level of technological unconventionality. We also find that financially resilient and diversified firms produce more unconventional patents. While patent unconventionality is associated with technological impact and market value, firms extract more value by investing in unconventional inventions in downturns.     

Integrating structural tensions into technological innovation systems analysis: Application to the case of transmission interconnections and renewable electricity in Nova Scotia,Canada

This paper augments the technological innovation systems (TIS) framework to provide policy guidance on how to manage interactions between a core technology and its larger sectoral context. A TIS development cycle is presented that combines the TIS framework’s ability to clearly illuminate policy gaps with Erik Dahmén’s idea that technological diffusion creates structural tensions that introduce transformation pressure. This pressure can result in stagnation and unrealized development potential or spur sectoral complementarities and the evolution of a TIS into a larger “development block” of interlinked technological systems. Integrating structural tensions into TIS analysis highlights how the evolution of a focal technology induces technological complementarities and creates a need to continuously re-design policies. This underscores the continued benefit of a technology system perspective, even as a technology matures.The revised TIS framework is applied to a case study of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia that explores how variable renewable electricity diffusion introduces structural tensions with existing electricity grids, requiring the use of complementary technologies that add storage and flexibility. Nova Scotia aggressively developed wind energy and built a high-voltage direct-current transmission line to import hydroelectricity that could back-up variable renewable energy sources like wind.     

Protecting knowledge: How legal requirements to reveal information affect the importance of secrecy

Most firms use secrecy to protect their knowledge from potential imitators. However, the theoretical foundations for secrecy have not been well explored. We extend knowledge protection literature and propose theoretical mechanisms explaining how information visibility influences the importance of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument. Building on mechanisms from information economics and signaling theory, we postulate that secrecy is more important for protecting knowledge for firms that have legal requirements to reveal information to shareholders. Furthermore, we argue that this effect is contingent on the location in a technological cluster, on a firm’s investment in fixed assets and on a firm’s past innovation performance. We test our hypotheses using a representative sample of 683 firms in Germany between 2005 and 2013. Our results support the moderation effect of a technological cluster and a firm’s investment in fixed assets. Our findings inform both academics and managers on how firms balance information disclosure requirements with the use of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument.     

Technology and employment: Mass unemployment or job creation? Empirical evidence from European patenting firms

This paper explores the possible job creation effect of innovation activity. We analyze a unique panel dataset covering almost 20,000 patenting firms from Europe over the period 2003–2012. The main outcome from the proposed GMM-SYS estimations is the labor-friendly nature of innovation, which we measure in terms of forward-citation weighted patents. However, this positive impact of innovation is statistically significant only for firms in the high-tech manufacturing sectors, while not significant in low-tech manufacturing and services.     

The economic impact of technological procurement for large-scale research infrastructures: Evidence from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, is the world’s highest-energy particle accelerator. Its construction (1995–2008) required frontier technologies and close collaboration between CERN scientists and contracting firms. The literature on “Big Science” projects suggests that this collaboration generated economic spillovers, particularly through technological learning. CERN granted us access to its procurement database, including suppliers of LHC from 35 countries for orders over 10,000 Swiss Francs. We gathered balance-sheet data for more than 350 of these companies from 1991 to 2014, which include the years before and after that of the first order received. The study assesses, in quantitative terms, whether becoming a CERN supplier induced greater R&D effort and innovative capacity, thus enhancing productivity and profitability. The findings – which controlled for firms’ observable characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and unobserved time, country, industry and firm-level fixed effects – indicate a statistically significant correlation between procurement events and company R&D, knowledge creation and economic performance. The correlation is chiefly driven by high-tech orders; for companies receiving non-high-tech orders, it is weaker, or even statistically not significant.     

技术开发类科研机构创新能力直觉模糊排序方法及应用——以广东省属10所技术开发类机构为例

依据我国技术开发类科研机构的基本特征,从创新支撑、活动、产出、影响、运营能力五大维度出发,提出技术开发类科研机构创新能力评价指标体系。利用熵权法求取各指标权重大小,通过直觉模糊数相关系数计算各科研机构与理想、临界机构加权相关系数,提出直觉模糊排序方法。最后,选取广东省属10所技术开发类科研机构为样本,并利用该方法进行创新能力评价研究,给出提升该类科研机构创新能力的相关建议。     

诺奖级颠覆性技术革命专利LED的创新性TRIZ分析和专利竞争及进化特征实证

本文通过2014年诺贝尔物理奖的科研过程和遇到的相关科研难题,进行了科技情报分析并结合TRIZ矛盾矩阵进行解题分析,并通过科研思路的难点的初级问题和产业终极问题进行科研思路解题的具体步骤,从而解释了诺贝尔2014物理奖的科研成功的科学思路选择的合理性,同时跟综该科研成功后的相关领域的文献量的变化和升迁情况和专利分布,并进行该技术发展进化特征的分析。     

科技期刊钓鱼网站常用技术手段分析及防范措施

【目的】 分析科技期刊钓鱼网站常用技术手段,并提出防范措施。【方法】 总结科技期刊钓鱼网站屡禁不止的原因,分析钓鱼网站常用的技术手段,从科技期刊、作者、政府相关部门、互联网企业等方面提出防范科技期刊钓鱼网站的具体措施。【结果】 假冒科技期刊官方网站网址和利用漏洞攻击科技期刊官方网站是科技期刊钓鱼网站常用技术手段。为了遏制钓鱼网站的不法行为,科技期刊编辑部需重视网络安全建设,并努力提升官方网站的可见度;作者应提高防范意识;政府相关部门需提高监管水平;互联网企业应加大防范力度。【结论】 只要科技期刊、作者、政府相关部门、互联网企业等多方共同采取切实有效的防范措施,定会让钓鱼网站再无可乘之机。     

山东省科技进步贡献率的测算及对策研究

本文基于柯布-道格拉斯函数和索洛余值法,测算了山东省从1990年到2011年间科技进步在经济增长中的作用;通过测算得到的结果,提出了山东省在今后科技发展中的相关对策。