Digital technology adoption and knowledge flows within firms: Can the Internet overcome geographic and technological distance?

Under what conditions does digital technology adoption increase cross location knowledge flows within firms? We investigate this question by studying the impact of adopting basic Internet access on cross-location knowledge flows within the same firm. We construct a large data set of Internet adoption and patent citations among dyadic pairs of firm-locations between 1992–1998. We find that when both locations in the pair adopt basic Internet there is an increase in the likelihood of a citation between the citing and (potential) cited location. In contrast, we find no significant effect of Internet adoption at only the citing location. We further study how this effect varies according to the proximity of the research activities between the source and recipient of knowledge and specialization of the research activities within the recipient. We find that the likelihood of a citation increases more after dyadic Internet adoption when the pair is working in similar research areas and when the research areas in the citing location are less specialized. These results, which are robust to a range of robustness analyses, suggest that digital technologies such as Internet connectivity are able to facilitate knowledge flows between locations only when they share a common knowledge base.     

创新价值链视角下军民融合科技创新体系建设目标分解研究

在军民融合深度发展的背景下,科技创新体系建设目标的明确具有重要的理论与现实意义。研究通过梳理创新体系理论中不同理论的差异与我国军民融合科技创新的主要问题,选择创新价值链理论解析我国军民融合科技创新体系的主要构成,结合现有体系中创新主体在知识创新链上的比较优势,阐述了军民融合科技创新体系的目标。研究发现,我国科技创新体系要实现军民融合深度发展,需要从知识产生、知识转化、知识传播三个方面实现融合,根据不同目标的实现需求,研究提出了不同发展阶段完善的军民融合科技创新体系的意见建议。     

中国风电和碳捕集技术发展路径与减排成本研究——基于技术学习曲线的分析

煤炭是我国能源的主体,煤电也是我国电力的主要构成。我国未来低碳发展将主要取决于低碳电力技术的选择及其推广,其中风电与碳捕集与碳封存(CCS)技术发展十分迅速但都处于发展初期,其未来不确定性较大。本文将基于风电和碳捕集的技术学习曲线,探讨这两类技术未来发展的主要问题,包括(实现市场竞争所需的)推广时间、减排潜力和减排成本等,以期为政策制定者提供参考。研究发现：在减排量与发展路径相同的前提下,风电技术成本较新建煤粉(PC)电厂碳捕集技术成本略高,后者若考虑了碳运输与碳封存成本在内,其减排成本将更高;另外,考虑了技术学习效应后,风电技术与CCS技术成本较相关研究结果都更低。到2025年风电技术发展将面临电网基础设施的瓶颈,在当前技术条件下将很难取得突破;碳捕集技术减排潜力更大,其新增投资主要表现在燃料成本与新增资本投资部分,当前主要工作应加快发展碳捕集示范项目、强化国际学习与合作,降低其不确定性,在2025年实现CCS与风电技术的对接。     

Why space matters in technological innovation systems—Mapping global knowledge dynamics of membrane bioreactor technology

Studies on technological innovation systems (TISs) often set spatial boundaries at the national level and treat supranational levels as a geographically undifferentiated and freely accessible global technological opportunity set. This article criticizes this conceptualization and proposes instead to analyze relevant actors, networks and processes in TIS from a relational perspective on space. It develops an analytical framework which allows investigating innovation processes (or ‘functions’) of a TIS at and across different spatial scales. Based on social network analysis of a co-publication dataset from membrane bioreactor technology, we illustrate how the spatial characteristics of collaborations in knowledge creation vary greatly over relatively short periods of time. This finding suggests that TIS studies should be more reflexive on system boundary setting both regarding the identification and analysis of core processes as well as in the formulation of policy advice.     

功能视角下数字普惠金融阈值对技术创新的非对称影响

数字普惠金融作为数字技术驱动金融包容性增长的新金融形式,无论在服务范围和触达能力的规模层面,还是在与信息技术深度融合的功能层面,均能更精准地支持技术创新。本文首先基于A&H模型与内生增长模型,嵌入金融超发展非线性影响关系,并借助数值模拟方法,揭示数字普惠金融规模和效率层面的不同阈值对技术创新的非对称传导机制和影响特征。其次,沿着功能视角,基于我国2011—2018年地级市数据,运用门限模型实证检验数字普惠金融阈值对技术创新的影响,结果发现：数字普惠金融对技术创新存在非对称影响,在不同阈值范围内对技术创新影响程度不同;数字普惠金融的覆盖广度、使用深度2个规模维度对技术创新的影响在超过合理阈值后呈现递减特征,而数字化程度这个功能维度表现为持续的正向促进作用;数字普惠金融对技术创新影响存在显著的区域差异,对于东部地区,金融规模过度扩张表现出不同阈值的边际递减效应,而金融效率可以保持正向促进影响,对于中西部地区,两者均表现出正向促进作用。研究结论表明,数字普惠金融促进技术创新中的功能层面改善是突破规模瓶颈的重要手段。     

The effect of external and internal factors on firms’ product innovation

In this article we analyse the effect of factors external and internal to the firm, on product innovation novelty, and how this effect varies by industry. We estimate three econometric models to determine the individual effects of these factors, their joint explanatory power and the effects of interactions among them. The analysis is based on a sample of 6094 manufacturing firms, taken from the Spanish Survey of Technological Innovation 2000. The results indicate that the firm's technological competences, derived from in-house R&D, are the main determinant of product innovation. They also suggest that in the presence of high levels of such competences, the technological opportunities deriving from non-industry agents become less important as determinants of innovation. We show that the determinants of innovation vary depending on the industrial sector and the degree of novelty of the product developed.     

Is this time different? How digitalization influences job creation and destruction

With the process of digitalization now in full swing, many are wondering how the adoption of new technologies influences job creation and destruction. Much hinges upon the specific tasks that machines take on and how many new tasks are created through the adoption of new digital technologies. Some argue that most tasks that are at risk of automation are those performed by rather low- to medium-skilled employees, while most new tasks that emerge from the adoption of digital technologies complement high-skilled labor. We present evidence derived from representative survey data from Switzerland that is consistent with this view. Specifically, we find that increased investment in digitalization is associated with increased employment of high-skilled workers and reduced employment of low-skilled workers, with a slightly positive net effect. The main effects are almost entirely driven by firms that employ machine-based digital technologies, e.g. robots, 3D printing or the Internet of Things. We do not find any significant employment effects when non-machine-based digital technologies are considered, e.g. ERP, e-commerce or cooperation support systems.     

多重制度逻辑下企业技术创新合法性机制研究

企业所处的制度环境对企业的技术创新行为有着二元性,即可以同时促进和抑制技术创新行为的产生,因此合理的制度安排对于企业的技术创新是非常重要的。嵌入式代理理论认为行为者能够对社会产生能动的反作用,从而改变其所处制度环境中的制度安排。为了解决在多重制度影响下,企业如何通过制度来解决企业技术创新合法性困境,本文从微观制度视角出发,采用文献分析法,通过分析组织所处制度环境中的市场逻辑、专业逻辑、合作逻辑、社区逻辑、管制机构逻辑和家族逻辑,发现对企业技术创新合法性有着不同的影响和重要的促进作用,并在此基础上建构了多重制度逻辑下企业技术创新合法性机制模型。     

空间技术溢出与中国城市服务业增长效率

利用2005-2010年中国284个地级及其以上城市的面板数据,通过空间计量分析方法,充分考察专业化经济、多样化经济、城市规模、城市间空间相互作用和距离等因素,深入探讨空间技术溢出与中国城市服务业增长效率的关系.研究结论显示:邻近地级市之间服务业存在显著的空间技术外溢效应,对生活服务业生产效率的促进作用高于对生产服务业生产效率的作用.专业化水平对生活服务业劳动生产率的拉动作用较大.多样化水平对生产服务业生产效率的不利影响较小.中国城市服务业空间技术溢出效应在90～140千米范围内最显著,最大的技术溢出范围为220千米.     

基于专利视角的哈尔滨市科技创新与成果转化研究

为深入开展我国各地区产业创新与科技成果转化现状与原因分析,在对典范地区科技成果转化的政策与措施进行文献调研的基础上,以哈尔滨市为例,基于专利构建分析地区产业创新与科技成果转化现状的流程与框架。研究发现,哈尔滨市专利年龄整体呈现“年轻化”,且专利的技术含金量较高,这与当地政府积极推出各项鼓励政策密切相关,此外,当地技术创新主体主要集中在高校,尤以哈尔滨工业大学专利产量最为突出。但与此同时,也存在近几年专利申请量下降、专利成果转化趋势下降、科技成果外流,以及作为专利申请主体的高校科技成果转化率低下等问题。对此,将借鉴我国其他地区的科技成果转化措施与策略,为哈尔滨市提出相应的对策与建议。