Positional identities in educational transitions: connecting contemporary and future trajectories among multiethnic girls

The aim of this article is to study how young people view themselves as learners within educational trajectories, as an alternative approach to today’s emphasis on performance and standardisation. We study different learner positionings in transitions from one level of schooling to another, using the analytic concepts of ‘positional identities’ and ‘figured worlds’. The ethnographic data were collected over a two-year period as part of a large-scale ethnographic study in a suburban area of Oslo with a large percentage of families with immigrant backgrounds. We focus on two girls (aged 15) who represent different educational trajectories and positional identities. Their case histories illustrate how positional identities in educational transitions are a complex web of formal and informal influences beyond school. The students experience different trajectories and changes in positional identities as learners when entering upper secondary school, which have implications for their future orientations.     

技术创新对企业战略性知识披露的影响研究

为研究探索式与利用式创新对企业战略性知识披露的影响,以110家医药类和通信设备类上市企业为研究对象,通过实证分析发现,探索式与利用式创新都促进企业战略性知识披露,但探索式创新的作用更加显著;探索式创新对企业战略性知识披露的促进作用具有明显的行业差异,而利用式创新对企业的战略性知识披露不存在明显的行业差异;技术多元化正向...     

Identification of innovating firms through technological innovation indicators: an application to the Spanish ceramic tile industry

The identification of technologically innovating firms is related to the development of indicators of their innovation activity. In this study, we carry out a review of indicators of firms’ technological innovation activity and then classify them according to whether they are based on inputs or outputs of the innovation process, and to the sources of the information they consider, whether primary or secondary. Their applicability as indicators of firm innovation is analyzed in the Spanish ceramic tile industry for the period from 1994 to 1996. From the results obtained we are able to conclude that the method based on direct information—self-assessment by managers—is more effective in identifying both product and process innovators. Within the set of methods based on secondary information, the literature-based innovation output (LBIO) method is the one which provides the best results when identifying product innovators alone.     

Firm technological responses to regulatory changes: A longitudinal study in the Le Mans Prototype racing

Despite the critical role of regulations on competition and innovation, little is known about firm responses and related effects on performance under regulatory contingencies that are permissive or restrictive. By longitudinally investigating hybrid cars competing in the Le Mans Prototype racing (LMP1), we counter-intuitively suggest that permissive regulations increase technological uncertainty and thus decrease the firms’ likelihood of shifting their technological trajectory, while restrictive regulations lead to the opposite outcome. Further, we suggest that permissive regulations favour firms that innovate their products by sequentially upgrading core and peripheral subsystems, while restrictive regulations (in the long term) favour firms upgrading them simultaneously. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.     

Inventive progress measured by multi-stage patent citation analysis

Studies of technological change constitute a field of growing importance and sophistication. In this paper we contribute to the discussion with a methodological reflection and application of multi-stage patent citation analysis for the measurement of inventive progress. Investigating specific patterns of patent citation data, we conclude that single-stage citation analysis cannot reveal technological paths or lineages. Therefore, one should also make use of indirect citations and bibliographical coupling. To measure aspects of cumulative inventive progress, we develop a “shared specialization measure” of patent families. We relate this measure to an expert rating of the technological value added in the field of variable valve actuation for internal combustion engines. In sum, the study presents promising evidence for multi-stage patent citation analysis in order to explain aspects of technological change.     

转型期构建群众性体育服务体系的若干思考

群众性体育服务体系是实现群众体育功能的主要组织形式。在社会主义市场经济条件下构建群众性的体育服务体系，必须遵循群众体育所具有的公益性、产业性和文化性特征。在我国社会转型过程中，应针对不同的问题，建立政府与市场的不同关系模式，根据经济与文化的关系，选择构建群众性体育服务体系的路径。     

少数民族师范生整合技术的学科教学知识(TPACK)调查研究

多民族是我国基本国情,利用信息技术发展民族教育是实现教育公平的重要措施,更是国家教育信息化战略的重要部署。民族教育现代化的发展关键在于提升少数民族教师队伍,特别是少数民族师范生整合技术的学科教学知识(TPACK)水平。研究以1050名南方少数民族师范生为研究对象,采用问卷调查法,辅之以访谈法,展开了针对少数民族师范生TPACK水平的调查与研究。通过描述统计分析,阐明了少数民族师范生TPACK水平的差异;通过多元回归分析,探讨了TPACK水平发展的影响因素以及相互关系。结果表明:(1)少数民族师范生TPACK知识总体水平偏低,专业学科知识有待加强;(2)少数民族师范生倾向于重视学科知识,对教学法的重要性认识不足,对信息素养缺乏信心;(3)少数民族师范生TPACK水平受到民族地区教育境脉、生源基础、课程体系等因素的影响。最后,从构建合理的少数民族师范生TPACK课程体系、改革少数民族师范生TPACK教学模式以及完善少数民族师范生TPACK发展辅助支撑系统等方面,发掘提升少数民族师范生TPACK水平的途径与策略。     

影响英语繁荣的科技因素

随着英国和美国科技以及经济的快速发展,英语遍及全球,在几百年的时间里迅速成长为世界共同语。在整个英语的扩张过程中,科技以及由科技带来的经济繁荣对英语的世界地位的确立奠定了坚实的基础,因而本文通过对英语繁荣的科技因素的探索,发掘未来英语发展的长远动力。     

是财政补贴还是税收优惠?——政府政策对技术创新的影响

从理论上分析政府财税政策对企业RD活动的影响机制,并在实证上对政府同时运用财政补贴政策与税收优惠政策以鼓励企业加大RD支出的绩效进行比较研究。研究结果表明,政府财政补贴政策对企业RD投入有明显的挤出效应,政府的税收优惠政策对技术创新有积极的促进作用。但从不同的角度(企业性质、企业规模、企业所处地区)看,两者对技术创新的影响仍然存在较大差异。这种差异所造成的发展不平衡,体现了政府面对复杂的经济形势时,在财税政策制定和实施过程中仍有许多值得改进的地方。     

New wine in old bottles: Technological diffusion in developed economies

As new and old technologies generally co-exist in the complex production methods that characterise major sectors of modern developed economies, it is important for policy makers to analyse them together in order to take full advantage of complementarities and optimise outcomes for entire economies rather than for individual industries. In this article, we look at the interrelationships between technologies of different vintages from three perspectives. Firstly, we develop a short theoretical model to demonstrate the reciprocal connections between industries that are generally described as being ‘high technology’ with the other sectors that rely more heavily on ‘non-high tech’ methods. Through the use of input-output and patent data, we then show that long-established industries that are not generally thought of as being high tech often employ cutting-edge knowledge in their own research and development and, by extension, in their other activities. Finally, we use sectoral case studies to show how so-called high tech knowledge is used in specific long-established industries. Our conclusion is that relationships between high tech and non-high tech sectors are highly symbiotic and that the health of high tech firms and industries depends heavily on their ability to sell their outputs to other sectors in developed economies.