中国科技进步贡献率测度

文章借鉴OECD《生产率测算手册》介绍的非参数方法,采用指数形式来表达科技进步变化,并使用2007至2017年期间有关数据测度了31个省市科技进步贡献指数,以此为基础汇总形成全国科技进步贡献指数。结果表明,2007年到2017年期间,中国科技进步率提高了8.2个百分点,达到了54.2%。这种科技进步贡献率测算方法,在一定程度上简化了指标测算工作,为政府部门常年发布科技进步贡献率指标数据提供了便利,也为进一步规范该指标测算工作提供了新的方法选择。     

科技奖励对社会创新的影响机理——基于广东的探索性案例分析

对科技奖励作用于社会创新的机理加以研究,认为承认是科技奖励的本质特征,科技奖励以"动机+资源+环境"的模式推动社会创新进程和成果转化:通过承认机制激发科研人员的需求;通过激励机制强化科研人员的创新动机;通过导向机制引导优势资源向重点发展技术领域、产业方向聚集;通过竞争机制筛选优秀科研成果和人才,营造良好的社会创新环境。而在这种模式下取得的经济效益又用于加大科技奖励投入,循环往复地推动社会创新不断发展。以广东省科学技术奖为例研究科技奖励对社会创新的作用机制,认为其主要通过控制奖励数量、提高奖金额度、调整奖项结构、提升奖励质量等方式发挥科技奖励的承认、激励导向和竞争作用。在此基础上分析广东省科技奖励体系存在的问题,提出发挥民间力量设奖、规范奖后派生待遇、提高个人奖项权重、加大对青年科学家支持力度等对策建议。     

创新开放度调节下的供应商信任、感知风险与企业科技服务购买意愿关系研究

以信任、感知风险和创新开放度理论为基础,构建影响中小企业科技服务购买意愿的概念框架并提出研究假设予以论证。以324家宁波中小企业为样本进行实证研究,结果表明：供应商信任(认知信任、情感信任)对企业科技服务购买意愿具有显著正向影响,而感知风险对企业科技服务购买意愿产生显著负向影响；供应商信任与科技服务感知风险之间具有显著负相关关系,且情感信任维度相关性更高；创新开放度对供应商情感信任、感知风险与企业科技服务购买意愿关系的调节作用显著。     

国防科技工业军民融合资源效率风险研究

效率可分为价值形态效率和非价值形态效率,研究军民融合效率必须从非价值角度或从投入品和产出品价格相对不变情况下的价值角度出发。对国防科技工业军民融合效率风险相关概念、根源等基本问题进行界定,从竞争与垄断、生产规模、分工、多元化等四个方面分析了军民融合资源效率风险的关系和发生机理。为了规避军民融合资源效率风险,需遵循军民融合发展规律,健全融合管理机制,净化军民市场环境。     

浅谈高校科技创新团队的建设和管理

以高校科研创新团队的建设和管理为研究对象,通过查阅和研究相关中外文献,介绍我国高校科研创新团队的定义、特点和运作现状;归纳出高校科研创新团队建设的关键要素,提出从制度建设、评估体系、激励机制以及资源分配方式等四个管理要点来加强与优化高校科技创新团队的建设和管理;介绍中山大学创新团队建设和管理的经验,提出组建高校创新联盟以实现高校科技创新团队的可持续性发展。     

鲁苏粤浙财政科技投入对比分析及对策研究

本文对山东省2009-2013年的财政科技投入现状进行了分析,并与粤苏浙三省在财政科技拨款总量、RD经费支出规模等方面进行了比较分析,指出山东省与粤苏浙比较在财政科技投入方面的优劣势及存在的问题,并借鉴国内外先进做法,提出提高山东省财政科技投入效益的相关对策建议,为政府部门提供决策参考。     

The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms

Previous research into technology strategies and patent portfolios has focused on high-technology firms, whereas low- and medium-technology companies have been relatively neglected. Therefore, we analyze how corporate technology strategy and the size and composition of patent portfolios affect the performance of low-, medium- and high-technology firms. Data from 136 European companies are used to examine four hypotheses relating financial performance to technological diversification, technological aggressiveness, patent portfolio size, and patent portfolio quality. The cross-industry sample allows analyzing the different consequences of these strategic parameters in low-, medium- and high-technology firms by considering technological intensity as a moderator. Our first finding is that the positive impact of technological aggressiveness is limited in low- and medium-technology companies. Secondly, technological diversification has a positive effect in high-technology firms and a negative effect in low-technology firms. Thirdly, patent portfolio size has a positive effect only in high-technology firms. Finally, patent portfolio quality has an equally positive influence on all firms’ performance. In part, these results conflict with the findings of previous research into high-technology companies, and they call for rethinking the role of technology strategies and intellectual property portfolios in firms across industries.     

Applicant and examiner citations in U.S. patents: An overview and analysis

Prior art patent citations have become a popular measure of patent quality and knowledge flow between firms. Interpreting these measurements is complicated, in some cases, because prior art citations are added by patent examiners as well as by patent applicants. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) adopted new reporting procedures in 2001, making it possible to measure examiner and applicant citations separately for the first time. We analyzed prior art citations listed in all U.S. patents granted in 2001-2003, and found that examiners played a significant role in identifying prior art, adding 63% of citations on the average patent, and all citations on 40% of patents granted. An analysis of variance found that firm-specific variables explain most of the variation in examiner-citation shares. Using multivariate regression, we found that foreign applicants to the USPTO had the highest proportion of citations added by examiners. High-volume patent applicants had a greater proportion of examiner citations, and a substantial number of firms won patents without listing a single applicant citation. In terms of technology, we found higher examiner shares among patents in electronics, communications, and computer-related fields. Taken together, our findings suggest that firm-level patenting practices, particularly among high-volume applicants, have a strong influence on citation data and merit additional research.     

论我国农业科技成果转化的影响因素

农业科技成果的转化已成为我国农业发展的重要影响因素,总体来说,我国农业科技成果的转化率偏低,这已成为各界关注的重要问题。本文分析并总结了影响我国农业科技成果转化因素的相关文献,并着重探讨了我国农民的技术吸收能力和农民的信息获取等因素对农业科技成果转化的影响。     

Critical junctures in the development of university high-tech spinout companies

This paper investigates the development of university spinout companies (USOs). Employing a case-based research method, our study found that there are two important elements in their development. First, USOs go through a number of distinct phases of activity in their development. Each venture must pass through the previous phase in order to progress to the next one but each phase involves an iterative, non-linear process of development in which there may be a need to revisit some of the earlier decisions and activities. Second, at the interstices between the different phases of development we found that ventures face “critical junctures” in terms of the resources and capabilities they need to acquire to progress to the next phase. The different phases are critical as these ventures cannot develop into the next phase without overcoming each of the junctures. We identify four different critical junctures that spinout companies need to overcome if they are to succeed: opportunity recognition, entrepreneurial commitment, credibility and sustainability.