The Use and Misuse of Standardized Testing: A Whiteheadian Point of View

First an overview is given about the actual national and international situation concerning standardized testing. Then two major reasons are presented why accountability systems based on standardized testing have become so widespread: (a) the missing validity and reliability of teachers’ assessment of students’ achievement, and (b) the important role standardized testing plays for out-put management in educational systems.On the basis of these considerations Alfred North Whitehead’s critical remarks on external standardized testing are presented. Whitehead’s main point is that external standardized testing limits the freedom of teachers to adapt to the complex, situation specific circumstances in order to obtain a maximum of the creative learning process for students who are conceived as specialists. Instead external testings lead to “teaching to the test.” As a consequence, the attitude of creative, adventurous exploration is undermined and substituted by simple pattern recognition, narrow visions, and even boredom. Finally, the question is raised whether there is any possibility of developing a measurement tool which on the one side meets scientific test criteria, and on the other side is still flexible enough to do justice to needs of individual schools – which according to Whitehead are the essential educational unit – and not vice versa, as it is the case at present with external standardized testing. That such a flexible approach to evaluation is possible is demonstrated by the presentation of the basic ideas of the MSS (Module Approach to Self-Evaluation of School Development Projects) which has been developed and examined in ten schools by the author and his collaborators.     

层次分析法在工程方案选择中的应用

通过一个工程方案的选择问题，介绍了层次分析法的基本思想和主要步骤．并确定了最佳工程方案．     

职业兴趣研究的历史与发展趋势

自1927年产生的斯特朗职业兴趣测验理论至今，有关职业兴趣的研究蓬勃兴起，其代表人物及其理论包括斯特朗、坎贝尔的SCII，库德的KOIS，霍兰德的VPI等。其中，霍兰德的职业兴趣理论在职业指导领域得到了广泛的应用和拓展，本文对此进行了阐述并简介了职业兴趣研究的历史及发展趋势。     

Mathematical Model of Weight in Evaluation System

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发达国家职业资格认证制度的成功经验

本文从法律法规、管理体制、考试依据、考试模式、质量保障等多个角度对英国、澳大利亚、德国等国家目前正在实施的国家职业资格认证考试制度进行了系统的分析,提出了值得我国学习借鉴的发达国家职业资格认证考试的七点成功经验。     

运用概念图进行生物教学对学生认知方式的影响

本研究以高二学生为被试 ,采用不同教学方法进行高中生物“新陈代谢”一章的教学后 ,对高二学生的认知方式及其学业成绩进行了分析。结果表明 :(1)不同的教与学方法对学生的认知方式会产生显著影响。 (2 )使用画概念图的实验班学生多选择“规则 (P)”为其认知方式。这表明 ,学生主要以有意义的方式在进行学习和建构自己的认知结构 ,其生物学业成绩较好。 (3)运用传统教学法的控制班选择“回忆 (R)”为主要认知方式。这表明 ,控制班学生以机械记忆为主构建自己的认知结构     

中国外交政策新特点——从中国处理“朝鲜核试”事件来分析

朝鲜核试验后,中国政府发表了语气极为严厉的声明,并积极在各方斡旋,重启六方会谈,争取通过协商和对话和平解决问题,由此体现出中国外交政策的新特点:更有所为,树立负责任的大国形象;把周边安全与稳定摆在对外关系的首要位置;新的国家利益观;务实外交;建设和谐世界主张。     

Blood zinc protoporphyrin, serum total protein, and total cholesterol levels in automobile workshop workers in relation to lead toxicity: Our experience

Blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), serum total protein (TP), and total cholesterol (TC) levels in automobile workshop workers in relation to lead toxicity were analysed. In the present study, automobile workshop workers (healthy male workers at an age between 28 and 35 from four major automobile workshops in Kottayam, Kerala State, India) and the control (male healthy adults at an age between 28 and 35 residing at Aymanam, a distant village at Kottayam District, Kerala having reduced or no chance of lead exposure) displayed significant difference in blood lead (BPb) and blood ZZP (BZPP) level. The mean value of BPb in automobile workshop workers was 15.76±0.33 μg/dl, while in the control it was 8.20±0.15 μg/dl. In automobile workshop workers, the mean value of BZPP was 34.2±0.62 μg/dl. The control group exhibited a mean of 11.5±0.22 μg/dl. Automobile workshop workers exhibited significant increase in BZPP was corresponding to the increase in BPb level. The total protein levels estimated in automobile workshop workers showed significant decrease compared to control individuals, but was within the reference range of healthy individuals. The mean value of TP level in automobile workshop workers and control was 6.9±0.13 g/dl and 7.71±0.18 g/dl, respectively. There was no significant difference in blood haemoglobin (BHb) level among the automobile workshop workers and control. The serum TC level in automobile workshop workers showed significant decrease compared to the control individuals, but was with in the reference range of healthy individuals. The mean level of serum TC in automobile workshop workers was 162.00±3.44 mg/dl and the same in control was 172.86±4.32 mg/dl. The present study affirms occupational lead toxicity in automobile workshop workers and its effect on serum protein and cholesterol levels.     

牵牛子不同提取物对小鼠急性毒性的比较研究

目的:探讨中药牵牛子石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇提取物对小鼠急性毒性。方法:制备牵牛子石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇提取物,采用急性毒性替代法-上下法进行毒性比较。结果:牵牛子石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇提取物均不同程度表现出了急性毒性症状,按生药量计算的半数致死量(LD50)分别是455g/kg,32g/kg,9g/kg。结论:牵牛子不同提取物对小鼠的急性毒性强度为正丁醇部位牵牛子氯仿部位石油醚部位。     

科研人员流动中的性别差异研究

[目的/意义]科研人员已成为知识经济时代重要的人才要素,其在全球范围内的流动关乎各国人才战略。分析科研人员流动的性别差异,有助于更好地了解流动模式,同时有利于国家人才引进机制的完善。[研究设计/方法]在分析流动频次、回流倾向、流动时期选择的性别差异基础上,提出三个研究假设,根据假设提取并分析了ORCID数据库中截止2017年底的有跨国流动经历的26,315位科研人员简历。[结论/发现]①科研人员在流动频次上具有显著的性别差异,女性科研人员的流动频次少于男性;当流动次数增加时,对应人员比例降低;②在回流倾向上,女性与男性并无显著差异,英国的男性和西班牙的女性最倾向于回流;③科研人员在流动时期的选择上无显著的性别差异,男女均在职业生涯早期流动更多。[创新/价值]揭示了男女科研人员在流动中的不同倾向,为进一步探讨不同背景和条件下的差异现象及本质并寻求解决方法奠定了基础。