从马克思、韦伯到哈贝马斯:关于现代性异化的批判与反思

随着工具理性的日益强大,现代性越来越表现出异化性特征,从而丧失了对人类基本价值和意义的关注。马克思、韦伯和哈贝马斯从不同视角分析了现代性异化的演变流程,揭示了现代性在寻求人类获得效率的行为模式的进化过程中,铸就了一个缺少价值和意义的机械化“铁的牢笼”。为了消解现代性异化带给人类的风险,马克思、韦伯和哈贝马斯在批判反思的基础上提出了不同的路径选择。虽然,现代性的异化现象并未完全按照马克思、韦伯和哈贝马斯所设计的方案退出历史的舞台．但马克思尊重人的存在价值的思想却启发了我们从另一个思路．即从文化语境的视角消解现代性异化的可能性。     

Value for learning during this time of transformation: the first-year students’ perspective

ABSTRACT

Formal education was used by the apartheid government to prepare black South Africans for manual labour, thus there was little curricular focus on the development of higher-order cognitive skills. With the abolition of apartheid in 1994, the education system was re-valued and re-evaluated to provide wider access to quality education; the focus of education policies moved towards the development of self-regulation and higher-order cognitive skills for all learners. There is now a generation of learners who have experienced their schooling in the transformed education system, and it would be useful to understand, from their perspective, what they value in their development of learning within the higher education space. This study answers the question ‘Post-apartheid, what learning methods and resources do first-years perceive to be valuable to their learning when they enter university?’ Participants included 344 students taking a Biology course provided to medical science students at a South African university in 2018. Two questionnaires were administered towards the end of a six-week lecture period, responses were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The first survey, comprised of Likert-style questions, was conducted to determine the students’ views on the mechanisms which they used to support their learning. The second questionnaire comprised open-ended questions and focused on the students’ perception of their learning experience in the course. The findings show that there was a significant (p?<?.001) percentage of first-years who thought that rote-learning would suffice for examination preparation at university, and preferred to engage with their peers and the textbook before they engaged with their lecturers when navigating challenging concepts. Schwartz's model of social values is used to show that more needs to be done for the development of higher-order thinking and self-regulation when students enter university, and to mitigate alienation between students and staff.     

论穆旦的早期诗歌创作

穆旦早期的诗歌作品,表现了诗人与世界之间的异己性关系。这种异己性关系是穆旦接受中外现代主义诗歌传统影响的基础。在个人与世界的异己性关系中,穆旦认为个人的存在是自明的,认同了中国现代启蒙思想中的个人观念。这种认同导致了个人真实性的丧失,形成了其诗歌中分裂的自我形象。穆旦的诗歌创作,正是以其早期诗歌中分裂的自我形象及其困境为起点展开的。     

信息异化的心理机制及其对策控制研究

重新阐释了信息异化的内涵和本质,认为信息异化是技术异化在信息社会条件下的新形式,反映了从工业社会对实际物的依赖走向了信息时代对虚拟物即信息的依赖。本文重新对信息异化的各种现象进行了阐述,指出各种异化现象的心理机制,各种异化现象之间呈现出一定程度的递进关系。并进一步分析了信息异化的心理成因,提出了相应的控制策略。     

王鲁彦——乡村小有产者的表现者与批判者

现代乡土小说作家王鲁彦选取中国农村社会中的小有产者阶层,以自然、朴素的风格进行描写,表现了小有产者对富裕生活的正常追求,也批判了金钱崇拜对他们造成的人性异化,为现代文学史提供了一道独特的风景。     

哈代悲剧小说的现代精神

哈代悲剧小说的现代精神首先体现在他对社会赖以生存的传统价值观念进行了毁灭性的批判 ;其次 ,哈代是比较早的描写异化现象的作家之一 ,他的小说着重描写了传统的习俗道德对人性的扭曲 ;最后 ,哈代悲剧小说给我们展示的背景是超时空的 ,他把主人公的命运同整个人类的命运联系起来 ,表达了他对人类命运的焦虑     

论儒家学说群性文化的本质特征

首次提出了用以考察文化本质的群性文化和个性文化两个概念.认定两千年作为中国文化理论形态的儒家学说属群性文化,道家学说属个性文化.在近二百年受到疑惑、批判、冷落的儒家学说,此前有过两千年被尊重和信奉的历史.当代西方学者看重道家,是因为西方一贯的个性文化与道家吻合;而且资本社会人的异化严重,欲以道家思想济其穷.儒家学说与唯物史观有相通之处.当前和谐社会文化建设理当重新重视、继承儒家,亦可吸收道家文化.     

从鹦鹉粒和凤凰枝谈倒文修辞

从继承我国修辞传统、古为今用的目的出发,论述古汉语辞例中的倒文修辞,并列举例子,分析其修辞审美意义和语用追求.     

卢卡奇早晚期异化理论转变及原因分析

卢卡奇对异化理论的探索经历了早晚两个阶段,早期的异化理论主要体现在《历史和阶级意识》中,晚期的则体现在《社会存在的本体论》中。从异化的由来、概念区分、主体、视野考查以及扬弃五个方面进行分析发现,其晚期的异化理论是对早期的超越,是向马克思的接近。发生这种思想转变的原因是多方面的,文章从写作时代、理论基础、遵循的哲学路线三个方面进行了分析。     

异化与自我身份的丧失——论尤金·奥尼尔创作的三个阶段

很多作家都密切关注自我身份,他们在作品中也涉及到寻求人的自我身份的这个主题。著名剧作家尤金·奥尼尔就是其中一个杰出的代表。他一直不知疲倦地探索,把毕生的精力都致力于困惑他以及他的同时期人的难题--自我身份。本文主要从尤金.奥尼尔创作的三个阶段来探寻异化与自我身份丧失的问题。