Attentional focus effects on sprint start performance as a function of skill level

Abstract

Several researchers have demonstrated that an external focus of attention (about movement’s effects) during movement execution allowed better performances and learning of various motor tasks than an internal focus of attention (about movement itself). However, attentional focus effects have not been studied in tasks requiring explosive actions preceded by fast reaction time to a signal, such as a sprint start. We hypothesised that the beneficial effect of external focus of attention would be observed in the different stages of the sprint start (i.e. reaction time, block clearance and running) for both expert and novice sprinters. Novice and expert sprinters performed sprint starts followed by a 10 m sprint under three conditions: external focus instructions; internal focus instructions; and neutral instructions. The reaction time and the running time were significantly shorter in the external focus condition than in the internal focus condition, for both expert and novice participants. These results confirm the beneficial effect of an external focus of attention on the speed of movement execution. Moreover, they revealed that attentional focus influences movement preparation. Several hypotheses are proposed to account for these results, with reference to the processes that could be responsible for the observed effects.     

确立学生主体地位构建新型师生关系

本从教育学、唯物辩证法的矛盾观分析了师和矛盾冲突的产生，指出了建立新师生关系的紧迫性。只有信任学生，尊重学生人格，满足学生合理的心理需求，关注“问题学生”，才能建立新型的师生关系。     

运动水平和特质焦虑水平对 负性词注意偏向的影响

运用文献资料法、实验法和数理统计法,探讨运动水平、特质焦虑水平对个体负性词注意偏向的影响。依据特质焦虑和运动水平,将受试者分为4组,每组10人,运用2（运动水平）× 2（特质焦虑水平）的多因素组间实验设计方法开展研究。研究结果表明：①高特质焦虑个体存在对负性词的注意偏向,且低运动水平的个体表现更明显;②高特质焦虑个体对负性词存在注意定向偏向和注意固着。以为运动员赛前注意训练提供理论依据。     

体育运动中选择性注意的国外研究现状

采用文献综述的方法,从选择性注意的信息选取、信息加工,以及它对运动绩效的影响等方面,探析了国外有关这方面的理论与研究现状。结果表明,在体育运动中,对相关(或重要)信息的选择性注意,是提高运动绩效的重要前提,也是专业运动员经常采取的注意策略。它要求运动员具有预测信息、识别复杂信息、提取重要信息、合理分配注意和抗干扰因素等能力。     

ADHD: The Untold Truths of the ADEP (Australian Deficit in Educational Policy)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that predominantly results in behaviours associated with hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention that are frequently not conducive to successful learning and academic performance. Children who display these behaviours often require extra assistance, adjustments, and accommodations in the classroom in order to achieve their full potential. This article reviews Australian and New South Wales Discrimination, Disability and Education legislation, policy and procedures with respect to the education of students with ADHD. This review illustrates the need to standardise the definition of disability used throughout Australia, and to more firmly clarify an education provider’s responsibilities toward students with disabilities. With more clarity, students with ADHD will be provided with the additional educational and behaviour support they need in order to realise their full potential.     

企业推行全面预算管理应注意的几个问题

预算管理是企业对未来一定时期内的收入和支出做出的计划，在编制预算时要把销售收入、成本费用、现金流量作为重点，编制出切实可行的单位预算。为了使预算管理工作更完善，企业预算管理工作要建立单位、部门行政主要负责人责任制，预算分解落实到人，制定严格的奖罚制度。     

基于学校的儿童多动症综合干预

多动症是学龄儿童发病率最高的心理行为问题之一.基于学校的综合干预是由临床心理医生、心理教育研究人员、学校教师和家长分工合作,共同参与,主要在学校和家庭实施的,以认知行为辅导为主、药物干预为辅的干预模式.由于充分发挥了医、教两方面的优势,这一模式不仅能有效改善多动症的核心症状,还能对儿童各方面产生了良性引导,并能够建起较...     

注意理论在警务实战中的应用探索

通过注意理论在警务实战应用的相关分析,探索注意理论在警务实战中应用的可行依据。利用对比分析警务实战中的注意控制、选择、集中,讨论注意控制训练方法在警务实战中的应用基本途径,得出警务实战注意应用就是通过各种训练方法提高人民警察注意稳定性、抗干扰性和注意集中转换能力的过程。在警务实战中根据警情变化合理利用注意的控制、选择和集中,能够有利于人民警察进行快速反应和准确决策,提高执法战斗能力。     

相似性分离:选择性注意中干扰和抑制关系研究

选择性注意的研究是当今信息加工理论框架的一个中心概念,而抑制是当前选择性注意研究的前沿焦点。作为注意的机制———抑制在注意选择中对分心物是如何起作用的?抑制和干扰是一种什么关系?实验结果显示:抑制和干扰之间是一种正相关,抑制随干扰的变化而变化。     

Effects of audiovisual stimuli on psychological and psychophysiological responses during exercise in adults with obesity

The present experiment sought to further understanding of the effects of personalised audiovisual stimuli on psychological and psychophysiological responses during exercise in adults with obesity. Twenty-four participants (M_age = 28.3, SD = 5.5 years; M_BMI = 32.2, SD = 2.4) engaged in self-paced exercises on a recumbent cycle ergometer and three conditions (sensory stimulation [ST], sensory deprivation [DE], and control [CO]) were administered. Perceptual (attentional focus and perceived exertion), affective (affective state and perceived activation), and psychophysiological (heart rate variability) parameters were monitored throughout the exercise bouts. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare self-reported and psychophysiological variables (main and interaction effects [5 Timepoints × 3 Conditions]). The results indicate that ST increased the use of dissociative thoughts throughout the exercise session (η_p² = .19), ameliorated fatigue-related symptoms (η_p² = .15) and elicited more positive affective responses (η_p² = .12) than CO and DE. Accordingly, personally-compiled videos are highly effective in ameliorating exertional responses and enhancing affective valence during self-paced exercise in adults with obesity. Audiovisual stimuli could be used during the most critical periods of the exercise regimen (e.g., first training sessions) when individuals with obesity are more likely to focus on fatigue-related sensations.