长沙市高校体育场馆运营绩效影响因素因子分析

本文通过采用文献资料法、数理统计法、因子分析法等研究方法,对长沙市13所高校体育场馆运营绩效影响因素进行调查统计分析。并通过影响因素的实证检验,探究分析各因子在影响运营绩效因素中的影响程度;同时通过分析场馆运营中的问题,为今后高校体育场馆的运营和发展提供参考。     

Relationships between anthropometric measures and athletic performance,with special reference to repeated-sprint ability,in the Qatar national soccer team

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine potential relationships between anthropometric parameters and athletic performance with special consideration to repeated-sprint ability (RSA). Sixteen players of the senior male Qatar national soccer team performed a series of anthropometric and physical tests including countermovement jumps without (CMJ) and with free arms (CMJwA), straight-line 20 m sprint, RSA (6 × 35 m with 10 s recovery) and incremental field test. Significant (P < 0.05) relationships occurred between muscle-to-bone ratio and both CMJs height (r ranging from 0.56 to 0.69) as well as with all RSA-related variables (r < –0.53 for sprinting times and r = 0.54 for maximal sprinting speed) with the exception of the sprint decrement score (S_dec). The sum of six skinfolds and adipose mass index were largely correlated with S_dec (r = 0.68, P < 0.01 and r = 0.55, P < 0.05, respectively) but not with total time (TT, r = 0.44 and 0.33, P > 0.05, respectively) or any standard athletic tests. Multiple regression analyses indicated that muscular cross-sectional area for mid-thigh, adipose index, straight-line 20 m time, maximal sprinting speed and CMJwA are the strongest predictors of S_dec (r² = 0.89) and TT (r² = 0.95) during our RSA test. In the Qatar national soccer team, players’ power-related qualities and RSA are associated with a high muscular profile and a low adiposity. This supports the relevance of explosive power for the soccer players and the larger importance of neuromuscular qualities determining the RSA.     

国内外优秀男子跳远运动员部分技术指标差异性分析

对国内外优秀跳远运动员和世界顶级跳远运动员的助跑速度利用率、短程和全程助跑跳远成绩差、K值三项指标进行对比分析,发现我国优秀男子跳远运动员助跑速度利用率明显高于世界顶级选手,但技术评定等级低于世界顶级选手,主要原因是起跳环节存在差距。不同运动员最佳的助跑速度利用率存在差别,高助跑速度利用率需要有与之相对应的起跳能力和跑跳结合能力。     

人体生物节律理论与运动能力初探

根据生物节律（P．S．I）理论,采用文献资料和体育统计方法,对奥运明星和我国优秀运动员的生物节律进行研究结果表明：人体的体力、情绪和智力的周期性变化对运动能力产生影响,且对不同运动项目的影响程度具有专门性,证明P．S．I理论与运动训练和比赛成绩有密切关系,在体育运动实践中P．S．I．理论具有一定的应用价值,但随着研究的深入发展,P．S．I．理论尚需进一步修正,完善和提高。     

The influence of in-game emotions on basketball performance

Abstract

This study examined the influence of emotions on performance in basketball. Six female basketball players were videotaped in six games. Frequency of performance behaviours was recorded minute-by-minute and indices of successful (SGI) and unsuccessful (UGI) game involvement derived for each player. Post-game, players reported the intensity of experienced emotions (anger, anxiety, embarrassment, excitement and happiness), and the time of the eliciting incident. The only emotion revealed as a significant predictor of SGI was happiness; both anger and embarrassment were significant predictors of increased UGI. Consideration of individual player analyses suggests that there is variation in the magnitude of the influence of emotions on performance and the extent to which this influence was helpful or harmful to performance. The study provides evidence that emotions are associated with changes in game behaviours in competition. Implications for further research examining the emotion–performance relationship are discussed.     

Anticipation by basketball defenders: An explanation based on the three-dimensional inverted pendulum model

Abstract

We previously estimated the timing when ball game defenders detect relevant information through visual input for reacting to an attacker's running direction after a cutting manoeuvre, called cue timing. The purpose of this study was to investigate what specific information is relevant for defenders, and how defenders process this information to decide on their opponents' running direction. In this study, we hypothesised that defenders extract information regarding the position and velocity of the attackers' centre of mass (CoM) and the contact foot. We used a model which simulates the future trajectory of the opponent's CoM based upon an inverted pendulum movement. The hypothesis was tested by comparing observed defender's cue timing, model-estimated cue timing using the inverted pendulum model (IPM cue timing) and cue timing using only the current CoM position (CoM cue timing). The IPM cue timing was defined as the time when the simulated pendulum falls leftward or rightward given the initial values for position and velocity of the CoM and the contact foot at the time. The model-estimated IPM cue timing and the empirically observed defender's cue timing were comparable in median value and were significantly correlated, whereas the CoM cue timing was significantly more delayed than the IPM and the defender's cue timings. Based on these results, we discuss the possibility that defenders may be able to anticipate the future direction of an attacker by forwardly simulating inverted pendulum movement.     

运动水平、知识表征及其年龄对羽毛球竞赛情景中直觉性运动决策的影响

研究了羽毛球运动员的运动水平、知识表征和年龄对直觉性运动决策速度和准确率的影响。被试来自全国各省（市）羽毛球队，共计371人，年龄在7～26岁之间。实验采用自主开发的“羽毛球运动决策能力测试系统”。用MANOVA分析了实验结果，表明：预期对羽毛球运动水平的作用机制主要依赖预期正确率。直觉性运动决策效果主要取决于关键信息，“出手动作、被动状态、习惯球路、战术意图、比赛局势”等是羽毛球运动员直觉性运动决策的关键线索。10～14岁是羽毛球运动员直觉性运动决策能力发展的快速增长期，14～20岁为平台期，20岁以后为缓慢发展期。专项知识贫乏和传授不足可能是导致直觉性运动决策能力发展平台期的重要原因。羽毛球预期反应时的最佳定格时机在球拍击球前40ms，动作选择反应时的定格时机在球拍击球后的280ms，以此技术为核心而编制的“羽毛球运动员直觉性运动决策能力测评系统”具有较好的信度和效度。     

西部民族传统体育休闲旅游的可持续发展研究

中国的西部是多民族汇聚分布的地区,西部民族地区的体育休闲具有显著的民族特色,尤其是在休闲旅游时的节会文化创造了旅游文化的繁荣,体育休闲旅游作为一种社会文化现象,正成为21世纪旅游消费的新取向,体育休闲旅游产业的可持续开发符合我国西部发展特色产业的强烈愿望。文章从多角度分析了西部体育休闲旅游发展的优势和不足,研究我国西部体育休闲旅游可持续发展的对策,为其发展走向提供了可参考的思维取向和现实指导。     

不同血糖指数、血糖负荷的食物对人体耐力及代谢影响

探讨运动前连续三天进食不同血糖指数（GI）、血糖负荷（GL）食物对人体耐力及代谢的影响。方法采用平衡重复测试法。7名男子耐力运动员进行两个主要实验,每个主要实验之前均进行糖原耗竭运动,随后受试者随机进食三天含相等热量的低血糖指数、低血糖负荷（L—L）,高血糖指数、低血糖负荷（H—L）的碳水化合物（CHO）食物,每个实验间隔至少7天。L—L饮食组每天提供10．0gCHO／kg体重,H—L饮食组每天提供3．0gCHO／kg体重。测试日受试者安静休息2h,首先在水平跑台上以70％V02max的强度运动1h,随后以最短时间完成10kin耐力运动能力测试。结果：连续三天进食不同血糖指数、血糖负荷食物后,L—L与H—L相比运动时间明显缩短（P〈0．05）;H—L实验组总的CHO利用量明显低于L—L实验组（P〈0．01）,总的脂肪利用量明显高于L—L实验组（P〈0．01）。     

穴位敷贴对运动性疲劳主观感觉及运动成绩的影响

目的：观察穴位敷贴缓解运动性疲劳的效果及对运动成绩的影响。方法：将20名足球运动员随机分为穴位敷贴组和空白对照组,穴位敷贴组采用药物贴对受试者神阙穴、气海穴、足三里穴进行敷贴,对照组采用安慰贴对受试者上述穴位进行敷贴。对两组受试者进行主观感觉疲劳程度评分（RPE）、运动心情评价（POMS）、情绪状态总估价（TMD）;检测受试者血乳酸和血氨浓度;记录受试者8 00 m全力跑成绩。结果：穴位敷贴可减轻受试者主观疲劳感觉,与治疗前相比,显著降低RPE值（P〈0.01）;穴位敷贴可缓解运动员因疲劳而产生的消极情绪,降低TMD分值,与治疗前相比有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。穴位敷贴可升高运动后4 min机体血乳酸（P〈0.05）和血氨浓度（P〈0.05）,降低运动后20 min机体血乳酸（P〈0.05）及血氨浓度（P〈0.05）,显著提高受试者8 00 m跑成绩（P〈0.01）。结论：穴位敷贴可减轻运动员的主观疲劳感觉,缓解运动员因运动疲劳而产生的消极情绪,促进运动员机体内血乳酸和血氨的代谢,提高运动员耐缺氧能力,进而缓解运动性疲劳临床症状,促进运动性疲劳的恢复,提高运动成绩。