Effects of graphing conventions and response options on interpretation of small n graphs

The present study examined the effects of manipulation of two graphing conventions on judgements of time‐series data by novice raters. These conventions involved the presence of phase change lines between baseline and intervention data and whether data points across phase changes were connected. The 1990 study of Matyas and Greenwood was also partially replicated and participant error rates were examined when responses were on a non‐binary scale (no effect, uncertain, clear effect) in contrast to the binary scale used in the original study. Thirty postgraduate special education students rated intervention effects on 36 graphs. There was no substantive evidence that graphing conventions affected judgements. Type I errors, defined as a response of ‘clear effect’ when no intervention effect was present, were very low (0–7%) and Type II errors were correspondingly high (0–100%), particularly with low intervention effects and high random error. Thus, judges were very conservative when using a non‐binary response scale, in contrast with the results of Matyas and Greenwood. Several directions for further research are proposed.     

家风特征探析

家风既受制于社会风气和共产党的党风,又反作用于社会风气和党风,主要有五大特征.实践性是其本质特征,还有时代性、独立性、继承性和理论性.研究探析家风特征,对培养健康文明的家风,促进社会主义精神文明建设,具有重要意义.     

青少年逆反心理的表现、成因与教育

逆反心理是一种抵触、不顺从的社会心理现象,这种现象在青少年身上的表现尤为突出.究其产生的原因,可分为主观、客观两大方面.青少年的逆反心理有积极与消极之分,对于积极的逆反心理应注意加以引导和利用;对于消极的逆反心理,应在具体分析原因的基础上,采取有效的对策,加以引导教育.     

改革20年来我国农村居民消费行为分析

本文通过实证研究,结合城镇居民消费状况,对１９７８年以来我国农村居民的消费行为作了全方位的较为详尽的考察,分析了我国农村居民消费需求不足的消费特征及其形成的具体原因,并进一步探究了农村居民消费需求不 的制度根源,最后初步提出了提高农村居民消费需求的基本思路。     

中国农村网购消费现状与引导策略——以淘宝网农村网购为例

随着农村网上购物环境不断改善,农村网购成为电商行业新的增长点。农村在购物观念、互联网接入方式、物流体系存在明显滞后,农村网购消费方式尚未全面普及。通过淘宝网的农村网购消费行为的研究视角,探讨促进农村网购的发展策略。促进农村网购应完善物流网络,培养农村消费者的网购习惯,建立农村网购服务站,才能促进农村网购消费行为的快速普及。     

非常时期的网民行为特征

在非常时期 ,例如社会动荡、战争、严重传染疾病的流行 ,会使人们行为发生改变 ,网民亦不例外。 2 0 0 3年的非典型肺炎的流行 ,是研究非常时期的网民行为特征的一个很好的例子。本文从网民的生活与消费方式的改变、网络业的非常规发展、网络谣言增多等角度对网民的行为特征进行了研究。     

The Developing Brain: A largely overlooked health endpoint in risk assessments for synthetic chemical substances

A large body of experimental animal research on the neurotoxic effects of certain environmental chemicals provides evidence of a cascade of neurobehavioural effects including learning deficits, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression, lack of motivation, increased aggressiveness, altered maternal care and bonding, and an over‐reaction to small stressors. For a number of years, scientific meetings and reports have recommended that assessing risk in chemical safety evaluations should include tests for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) to uncover the potential of chemical substances to affect the developing brain. However, DNT testing has been required only in rare circumstances, and for some classes of neurotoxic pesticides. The role of developmental neurotoxicants as causative or contributory factors in children’s learning and behavioural disorders warrants more attention in both research and policy.     

The mediating effect of trust on the dimensionality of organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviour amongst teachers in Malaysia

Abstract

The swelling discourses on organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) have diffused into areas of management and organisational research. The existing literature encapsulates that trust will mediate the relationship between the three dimensions of organisational justice: procedural justice, distributive justice and interactional justice and OCB. Based on the literature discussions, several hypotheses were proposed and conceptual framework was formulated. A total of 411 teachers had responded and participated in the survey. The collected data were analysed using Smart Partial Least Square software. Vigorous two-stage analytical procedure was adopted. The statistical results indicated that trust significantly mediates the relationship between organisational justice and OCB as well as the dimensions of organisational justice and OCB with various degrees of mediating effects. These findings have provided new insights in the organisational behaviour discipline and shed light on trust’s mediation in the relationship of organisational justice and OCB.     

School climate: the controllable and the uncontrollable

A positive school climate impacts students by promoting positive relations among students, staff and faculty of the school. The current study used latent class analysis and multinomial regression with R3STEP to analyse patterns of negative behaviours in schools and test the association of these patterns with structural variables like school size, demographics, and location using data from the 2008 School Survey on Crime and Safety, (n = 2560). The results indicated five classes of frequencies of negative behaviours. By using the lowest frequency of behaviour class as a reference, the classes with the highest frequencies of bullying, teacher disrespect, and sexual assault were more likely to be found in high crime areas and have larger campuses serving over 1000 students. Implications include the need to serve subgroups of schools based on measurable variables and the need to educate future teachers, administrators, and school psychologists about school climate and positive behaviour support systems.     

Adaptive Functioning in Williams Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Literature on the level of adaptive functioning and relative strengths and weaknesses in functioning of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) was reviewed. The electronic databases PsycINFO, PubMed, Expanded Academic, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest were searched electronically for relevant articles and dissertations using the search terms ‘Williams syndrome’ or ‘Williams-Beuren syndrome’ combined with ‘adaptive function*’, ‘adaptive behavio*’, ‘independ*’ and ‘autonomy’. Selection criteria included English language articles, theses and book chapters, participants with a diagnosis of Williams syndrome and inclusion of a standardised assessment of adaptive functioning. Twenty-two published articles and two PhD. dissertations (one subsequently published as a poster presentation) met the selection criteria for inclusion in the review. Fifteen investigated adaptive functioning in children and adolescents aged up to 19 years of age, five investigated adaptive functioning in adults and four included participants across a wider age range and included both children and adults. Along with identifying methodological issues, the review addressed the following areas: overall level of adaptive functioning in WS, domain strengths and weaknesses, evidence of heterogeneity, relationship to intellectual ability, changes with chronological age, relationship with maladaptive behaviour, gender differences and the potential influence of environmental factors which may be related to adaptive functioning in WS.