基于 Cournot模型的电力行业初始碳排放权分配策略研究

针对具有不同碳排放系数的发电机组,考虑将其分为高排机组和低排机组两类,构建了基于差异化配额分配策略的Cournot博弈模型,并给出其解析解,在此基础上研究各种碳排放权配额分配策略对机组发电量、碳排放量及市场电价的影响情况。分析结果表明,在高排机组严格配额分配的基础上,对低排机组宽松的配额分配策略具有较强的减排激励作用,能够在减少碳排放量的同时更好地保护低排机组进行低碳生产的积极性,促进高排机组进行低碳技术改造。     

活性炭负载金纳米颗粒复合材料的制备及吸附性能研究

通过改变反先驱体中氯金酸含量,用水热法实现不同数量金纳米颗粒在活性炭表面的负载。采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、红外光谱分析仪（IR）、同步热分析仪（TG）、比表面及孔径分析仪以及紫外可见吸收光谱（UV/Vis）对所得材料的形貌、组成和结构进行表征,并对其吸附性能进行研究。结果表明:采用水热法可实现不同数量金纳米颗粒在活性炭表面的均匀负载。负载金纳米颗粒在对活性炭组成影响不大的情况下能有效提升活性炭的热稳定性。随着负载量的增加,金纳米颗粒附着在活性炭的孔洞上引起比表面积和孔隙率逐渐减小。将活性炭负载金纳米颗粒的复合物对苯酚进行吸附处理,通过调整负载金纳米颗粒的数量可对活性炭吸附性能进行有效调控。     

Assessing students' disciplinary and interdisciplinary understanding of global carbon cycling

Global carbon cycling describes the movement of carbon through atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere; it lies at the heart of climate change and sustainability. To understand the global carbon cycle, students will require interdisciplinary knowledge. While standards documents in science education have long promoted interdisciplinary understanding, our current science education system is still oriented toward single‐discipline‐based learning. Furthermore, there is limited work on interdisciplinary assessment. This article presents the validated Interdisciplinary Science Assessment of Carbon Cycling (ISACC), and reports empirical results of a study of high school and undergraduate students, including an analysis of the relationship between interdisciplinary items and disciplinary items. Many‐faceted Rasch analysis produced detailed information about the relative difficulty of items and estimates of ability levels of students. One‐way ANCOVA was used to analyze differences among three grade levels: high school, college Freshman–Sophomore, college Junior–Senior, with number of science courses as a covariate. Findings indicated significantly higher levels of interdisciplinary understanding among the Freshman–Sophomore group compared to high school students. There was no statistically significant difference between Freshman–Sophomore group and Junior–Senior group. Items assessing interdisciplinary understanding were more difficult than items assessing disciplinary understanding of global carbon cycling; however, interdisciplinary and disciplinary understanding were strongly correlated. This study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary understanding in learning carbon cycling and discusses its potential impacts on science curriculum and teaching practices.     

中国二氧化碳减排过程中的技术偏向研究

厘清CO2减排过程中的技术偏向性是政府制定技术减排政策的基础。本文基于作用机理差异,建立了CO2排放影响因素模型,并以中国1984-2013年CO2排放相关时间序列数据为样本,利用协整分析技术对中国CO2减排过程中是否存在技术偏向进行了实证检验。研究结果表明：研究期内,中国CO2减排是存在技术偏向的,且显著偏向于能源生产技术,而这与实践中观察到的情况不一致。文章进一步基于情景分析后认为,之所以在实证检验中出现能源生产技术贡献显著大于能源利用技术的现象,部分原因与“回弹效应”有关。因此,中国应从促进能源技术创新、改革CO2减排考核方式及重视建筑节能、产业结构调整等方面进一步落实减排政策。     

消费领域碳减排政策研究进展与展望

简要概述消费领域碳排放源,回顾消费领域主要的碳减排政策,即碳税、个人碳交易和补贴政策,并就效率、效果、公平三方面进行比较分析。研究表明:(1)碳税操作便利,实施成本较低,可以实现减少碳排放和增加财政收入的双重红利,但容易形成累退效应;(2)个人碳交易是一项具有碳减排潜力的超前的减排政策;(3)消费侧的补贴政策有助于消费者选择低碳甚至是零碳排放的产品,进而引导节能生产。最后,展望消费领域碳减排政策的制定和实施。     

学习效应视角下碳税对企业生产和减排行为的影响

碳税既是促进碳减排行为的手段之一,也是影响企业生产的重要因素。首先构建碳税影响企业生产和减排行为的基础模型,并进一步将学习效应纳入研究框架;接着在理论上剖析碳税与学习效应对企业生产和减排行为的影响;最后通过算例做进一步分析和验证。研究结果表明:计划生产期内企业的产量和碳减排量主要由碳税决定;碳减排经验积累形成的学习效应可以增加碳减排量,从而有助于提高生产企业减排的积极性。     

基于物质流和生命周期分析的石油行业碳排放

国内关于石油生命周期内的碳排放的研究主要集中在石油制品的消费环节,不能真实地反映石油流动生命周期内的碳排放。为了探寻石油生命周期内真实碳排放以及未来发展趋势,本文结合了物质流分析（Material flow analysis,MFA）和生命周期评估（Life Cycle Assessment,LCA）方法,建立了石油生命周期内碳元素流动模型。以国内某大型炼化企业为例,计算了各个环节的隐含碳排放和石油燃烧碳排放量,分析了影响隐含碳排放的关键影响因素,同时,设计了四种不同的情景,分别预测了2015—2050年间中国石油生命周期内的隐含碳排放发展和变化趋势。研究结果表明：①在石油生命周期内,每吨石油在生命周期总碳排放量约为670kg（约折合CO₂ 排放量为2457kg）,其中隐含碳占总碳排放量的23%;②开采环节和炼化环节隐含碳排放分别占隐含碳总量的46%和54%,其中开采环节主要隐含碳排放来自天然气消耗和电力的消耗,分别占总量的47%和30%,炼化环节的隐含碳排放主要来自焦炭燃烧,占总量的46%;③在消费环节中,汽油、柴油和煤油在交通运输业中的消耗量最大,分别占各自总量的42%、53%和80%。提高石油行业能源利用效率和优化能源消费结构是实现国家2030年碳排放达到峰值目标的有效途径。     

反应条件对碳纳米管产率的影响

用镍铝催化剂催化裂解甲烷制备了碳纳米管;研究了反应温度及反应气氛对制备碳纳米管产率的影响。结果表明,碳纳米管的产率随温度的增加先增加,后减小,在550～650℃出现最大值,说明此温度范围最适合碳纳米管的生长;氢气预还原可以提高催化剂的反应活性。反应过程通氢气不但能提高催化剂的活性,同时也能提高产物的质量．上述两种情况均能提高碳纳米管的产率。     

本钢薄板坯低碳钢种内部质量研究

通过对本钢薄板坯低碳钢种生产过程的钢水和铸坯系统取样分析研究,综合评估了本钢薄板坯低碳钢种内部质量情况,为本钢薄板坯连铸制定实际生产工艺提供现实依据。     

Effect of carbon, silicon, and manganese content on mean flow stress at elevated temperature

Ten studied steels including different carbon content, silicon content, and manganese content were deformed in compression over a temperature range of 600 C to 1 000 C at the strain rate of 1 s1. The curves of the mean flow stress-deformation temperature were drawn up. The mean flow stresses of higher carbon content steels decreased continuously as the applied deformation temperature increased in the whole temperature range, while the mean flow stress of lowest carbon steel displayed an abrupt drop near the two phases region. The reason for the abrupt drop phenomena was explained as the result of phase transformation. The mean flow stresses of steels with high silicon content and low manganese content also have this phenomena.