Harmonic coauthor credit: A parsimonious quantification of the byline hierarchy

In this paper the accuracy of five current approaches to quantifying the byline hierarchy of a scientific paper is assessed by measuring the ability of each to explain the variation in a composite empirical dataset. Harmonic credit explained 97% of the variation by including information about the number of coauthors and their position in the byline. In contrast, fractional credit, which ignored the byline hierarchy by allocating equal credit to all coauthors, explained less than 40% of the variation in the empirical dataset. The nearly 60% discrepancy in explanatory power between fractional and harmonic credit was accounted for by equalizing bias associated with the omission of relevant information about differential coauthor contribution. Including an additional parameter to describe a continuum of intermediate formulas between fractional and harmonic provided a negligible or negative gain in predictive accuracy. By comparison, two parametric models from the bibliometric literature both had an explanatory capacity of approximately 80%. In conclusion, the results indicate that the harmonic formula provides a parsimonious solution to the problem of quantifying the byline hierarchy. Harmonic credit allocation also accommodates specific indications of departures from the basic byline hierarchy, such as footnoted information stating that some or all coauthors have contributed equally or indicating the presence of a senior author.     

The effects of stretching on knee flexor fatigue and perceived exertion

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of acute static muscle stretch on hamstring muscle fatigue and perceived exertion between young adult men and women. Twenty volunteers participated in two experimental sessions, in which we assessed maximal-effort isokinetic knee flexor force (90° · s^?1) and the number of sub-maximal (50% maximal) knee flexor repetitions to the point of failure. Immediately before the sub-maximal contractions on one randomly selected session, participants received ten 30-s passive knee flexor muscle stretches. Perceived exertion was sampled with a modified Borg category-ratio scale following each sub-maximal repetition. Each participant's perceived exertion response was estimated every 10% across the sub-maximal repetitions, via linear interpolation and power-function modelling. The men generated significantly greater force than the women during both experimental sessions, while muscle stretching had no significant effect on the number of sub-maximal repetitions. When estimated via power-function modelling, perceived exertion increased at a significantly greater rate following muscle stretch. Perceived exertion was significantly greater for the women following muscle stretch than the men. The findings suggest that the elevation in perceived exertion following knee flexor muscle stretching may be greater in women than men, despite no significant alterations in mechanical measures of muscle fatigue.     

Senior men’s pacing profiles at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships

Abstract

The aim of this study was to describe pacing profiles used by senior men competing in the World Cross Country Championships. Lap times were collated for 1273 competitors across 10 races. Each individual’s lap times were expressed as a percentage of the eventual winner’s lap times, and athletes were grouped according to finishing position. Most athletes started the race by following the pace set by the leaders but slowed relative to the winner with each successive lap. The gold medallists were faster than the other medallists only after the final lap (P < 0.001). Most athletes who dropped out (61%) had completed the first lap within 105% of the winner’s lap time. The medallists used a strategy of running close to the front from an early stage, but did not separate themselves from other top 15 finishers until halfway, with the eventual medal positions decided even closer to the finish. Athletes finishing further down had positive pacing profiles relative to the winner, possibly because of early fatigue caused by a relatively quick first lap. Athletes should note that a patient approach during the early stages can benefit not only the mass field but also those who aim to win a medal.     

品牌信用度持久性及品牌策略研究

本文应用品牌经济学理论,从品牌效用入手,分析品牌的物质利益和情感利益两个要素,认为品牌效用由物质效用和情感效用构成,并从物质利益和情感利益随时间而减弱的特点,推导品牌信用度随时间是趋于下降的,因此,需要在这一过程中实施正确的品牌策略。在此基础上,引入需求品牌策略弹性概念,论证了不同品牌策略效果:在产品消费末期实施品牌策略效果要好于初期;新品类实施品牌策略效果要好于老品类。最后,通过构建品牌信用度和品牌策略动态模型,进一步验证上述推论,并提出品牌实现动态利润最大化的条件,即品牌信用度边际成本等于品牌策略引起的未来时期品牌边际利润贴现值之和。     

有关企业应收账款管理的几点建议

随着我国市场经济的发展,在大多数行业买方市场已经形成,企业间竞争日益加剧,各种促销手段被企业用于扩大销售,赊销(信用交易)便是其中之一,企业应收账款随之产生。对于企业而言,应收账款是一把双刃剑,既能够给企业带来效益,也可能给企业带来消极影响。因此,加强企业应收账款管理十分必要。     

高职院校实施学分制教学管理的困境与优化策略——以中山火炬职业技术学院为例

中山火炬职业技术学院在学习和借鉴了其它学校成功做法的基础上,在光机电工程系2008级学生中尝试学分制教学改革,经过三年的改革与探索,取得了一定的成绩,但也存在着一些困难和问题。本文就破解制约高职院校学分制改革的瓶颈和找到学分制改革的新路径提出了自己的思考。     

探析在学分制背景下开展通识教育

随着通识教育理念被各高校逐步接受和普及,实施通识教育所带来的教学管理制度上的变革逐渐凸显出来。本文分析通识教育带来的教学管理制度变革及一些高校的做法,以探寻更好的管理方法。     

浅谈中小企业融资问题

随着中小企业在经济大潮中的份额越来越大并显示出经济强大推动的作用,成为了促进社会经济进步的重要经济要素。在发展壮大的同时,也面临更多问题,最突出的问题就是中小企业的融资问题。从不同角度探析中小企业融资的问题,解决融资难的困境和发展瓶颈,从我国中小企业发展的实际环境和融资情况,营造具有可操作性的技术层面氛围,解决中小企业与外界发展信息不对称等一系列问题。本文旨在探析当前基于银行信贷的中小企业融资困难的主要表现形式和原因,并积极寻求相应的解决办法和渠道,构建良性发展的有力模式,更好地实现经济发展的大跨越。     

Relationship between Students' Perceptions of School Environment,Their Satisfaction with School and Perceived Academic Achievement: An International Study

During the last decades numerous studies have been conducted with the aim of finding predictors of an effective school measured in terms of the average level of the students' academic achievement. Few of these studies have examined how the students' perception of their work environment at school influences their academic achievement. The present article applies theory and findings from research on the adult work environment to the daily school life of children and adolescents. The analyses are based on self-reported data from the "Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey" (the HBSC study), using data from countries in both Eastern and Western Europe. Data from 11, 13 and 15 year old students in Finland, Latvia, Norway and Slovakia are used. The findings suggest that the most important psychosocial school setting predictors of students' perception of their academic achievement are that they feel satisfied with school, that they feel the teachers do not expect too much of them, and that they have a good relationship with their fellow students. The findings imply that interventions which enhance the students' satisfaction with school are likely to improve their achievement as well.     

Examining Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Behaviors Exhibited by Gifted Students Referred for ADHD Diagnosis Using the Conners 3 (An Exploratory Study)

This exploratory study considered the perceptions of parents and teachers regarding behaviors exhibited by gifted students who may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by examining their responses to the Conners 3 behavior rating scale. Statistical analysis revealed average scores in the ratings of parents and teachers in the areas of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, executive functioning, and learning problems. Parent and teacher ratings of these students were not significantly correlated nor were there significant differences between parents and teachers on ratings of students. The need for further examination of the psychometric properties and appropriate use of the Conners 3 in diagnosis of twice-exceptional students, the need for normative data on gifted populations for the Conners 3, and a greater understanding of the differential display of ADHD in the gifted population were suggested.