Academic Self-Handicapping: What We Know, What More There is to Learn

Some students put off studying until the last minute, fool around the night before a test, and otherwise reduce effort so that if their subsequent performance is low, these circumstances will be seen as the cause rather than lack of ability. These strategies are called self-handicapping because they often undermine performance. In this paper, we begin with a definition of academic self-handicapping. Next, we review our research in which we used achievement goal theory as a framework for examining academic handicapping among elementary and middle school students. We discuss the implications of the recent conceptualization of approach and avoidance components of performance goals for handicapping. We conclude with a consideration of some potentially fruitful future directions for research on academic self-handicapping, focusing particularly on individual differences in handicapping, contextual influences, and the methods used to study handicapping.     

顺应理论对口译的解释力

近年来研究者开始用语用学理论解释翻译现象。运用语言顺应理论解释口译过程中的译语如何顺应语境因素 ,顺应原语的语言结构成份 ,顺应口译的动态过程 ,使译语连贯、得体地再现原语的真实意图。     

Correcting experience-based judgments: the perseverance of subjective experience in the face of the correction of judgment

Many of our cognitive and metacognitive judgments are based on sheer subjective experience. Subjective experience, however, may be contaminated by irrelevant factors, resulting in biased judgments. Under certain conditions people exert a metacognitive correction process to remedy such biased judgments. In this study we examine the proposition that even after a judgment has been corrected to avoid the biasing effects on subjective experience, subjective experience itself remains biased. We asked participants to judge the difficulty of anagrams for others. When they were aware of having been exposed to the solutions of some of the anagrams, they corrected their difficulty judgments for these anagrams. Despite this correction, their speeded choices in a subsequent task disclosed their biased subjective experience that these anagrams were easier to solve. Implications for the study of metacognition and for the educational domain are discussed.

Multiobjective optimization and multivariable control of the beer fermentation process with the use of evolutionary algorithms

INTRODUCTIONThefermentationprocesshasgreatscientificandpracticalimportance.Forseveralreasons,qua-litycontrol,forexample,itisimportanttoincludeallkindsoftechnologicaladvancesintheindustrialprocesses.Thisisthemainaimofourresearch,whichisverycomplexduetothenon-linearityofthestudiedphenomena.Themathematicalmodelsfoundinliteratureincludeonlylaboratoyconditions.Amathematicalmodelhasbeendevelopedforthebeerfermentationprocessbecauseoftheadvantagesthatitprovides.Itallowssimulatingwhatcanhappenwhe…     

新加坡、美国与英国电子政务发展比较

随着网络信息技术在全球范围内的广泛应用，世界各国都将自己的电子政务建设作为提高政府行政管理能力的重要途径。电子政务在许多发达国家已经进入了相对成熟的发展期，因此我们有必要学习和借鉴发达国家电子政务建设的成功经验，取长补短，促进我们国家的电子政务的实施与建设。     

关于提高领导干部决策能力的思考

提高党的领导水平和执政水平关键是提高领导干部的决策能力。本从正确认识决策的重要性，确保决策正确，领导干部应具备的素质，坚持的原则和注意的环节等方面加以论述。     

Learning Science through Investigations: An Experience with Hong Kong Primary School Children

This paper reports on a study of children learning science through investigations. Because many skill-type performances depend upon knowing and understanding the relevant content, this paper addresses both the children's understanding of scientific ideas and their performance of the science process skills. Twenty-four written records of investigations conducted by Hong Kong primary school children were studied to explore children's cognitive processes in scientific investigations. The paper concludes with a model that provides useful information about aspects of children's cognitive understanding and the practical processes that are necessary for scientific investigation.     

关于伦理守则对企业道德行为影响的探讨

伦理守则的采用和实施可以从以下几方面对企业道德行为产生影响：首先，伦理守则的采用可以提高员工对道德问题的意识程度和重视程度；其次，伦理守则具体内容的制定有利于员工做出符合本企业道德要求的道德判断并且提供可能采用的行为方案；再次，伦理守则的具体实施有利于提高企业决策活动符合道德要求的机率。要使伦理守则真正发挥作用还需要以下一些条件：第一，企业伦理守则与企业价值观的契合度；第二，企业伦理守则意思表述的清晰度；第三，伦理守则沟通传达的效度；第四，伦理守则实施范围的广度；第五，伦理守则具体可操作度；第六，领导者和管理者对企业伦理守则实施的支持力度；第七，企业其他制度对企业伦理守则的保障力度。目前中国企业就伦理守则方面而言，存在以下突出的问题：第一，制定和实施伦理守则的企业凤毛麟角；第二，企业伦理守则和企业经营行为不符；第三，企业领导者在执行伦理守则中没有起到模范作用。     

Creating a Climate of Self-Awareness in Early Childhood Teacher Preparation Programs

This article discusses the importance of helping preservice teachers develop a sense of self-awareness. This involves, in part, helping preservice teachers develop an ability to examine and identify the personal characteristics, beliefs and attitudes that make them who they are and influence the way they think about teaching and learning. The authors offer several suggestions for creating a climate in teacher education programs that will promote a developing sense of self-awareness in preservice teachers.     

Secondary School Students Learning From Reflections on the Rationale Behind Self-Made Errors: A Field Experiment

Thus far, it is unclear how students can learn most effectively from their own errors. In this study, reflections on the rationale behind self-made errors are assumed to enhance knowledge acquisition. In a field experiment with pre/post/follow-up design, the authors practiced fractions with 174 seventh- and eighth-grade students who were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: The students reflected on either the rationale behind their own errors or on the correct solution corresponding to their own errors. Students in the first condition group demonstrated a greater procedural knowledge at the posttest and at the follow-up test. Furthermore, at the follow-up test, these students demonstrated a higher conceptual knowledge. The implications for theory and school instruction are discussed.