我国生物技术药物研究现状和展望

综述了我国医药生物技术药物研究现状和展望。现在我国已有40多种生物技术药物投入生产,另有150多种进入临床研究或处于申报阶段。可以预计,随着医药工作者的努力和政府的日益重视,我国生物技术药物的研究开发将会出现一个新的飞跃。     

The isolated and combined effects of selected physical activity and ibuprofen on delayed-onset muscle soreness

Delayed-onset muscle soreness refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological effects of physical activity with or without ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness. Forty-four non-athletic male volunteers (age 24.3?±?2.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: physical activity (n = 11), ibuprofen (n = 11), physical activity and ibuprofen (combination, n = 11), or control (n = 11). The physical activity programme comprised 5?min of walking and jogging, 10?min of static stretching of the hands and shoulder girdle, and 5?min of concentric movements with sub-maximal contractions. The total amount of ibuprofen consumed by a single individual was 2800?mg; this was taken from 1?h before the eccentric actions up to 48?h after it. Delayed onset muscle soreness was induced by performing 70 eccentric contractions of the biceps muscle of the non-dominant side on a modified arm curl machine. Perceived muscle soreness, maximal eccentric contraction, creatine kinase enzyme activity and elbow range of motion were assessed 1?h before and 1, 24 and 48?h after the eccentric actions. The results indicated that, after the eccentric actions, soreness increased (P?<?0.001) across time in all groups, with the highest values being recorded at 24?h. At 24 and 48?h, greater soreness (P <?0.001) was observed in the control group than in the physical activity and combination groups. After the eccentric actions, creatine kinase increased and was elevated (P?<?0.001) compared with baseline in all groups, with values returning to baseline in the physical activity and combination groups by 48?h. However, creatine kinase in the control and ibuprofen groups was still significantly higher than at baseline after 48?h. Creatine kinase was higher (P?<?0.001) in the control group than in physical activity and combination groups at 24 and 48?h. There was also a reduction (P?<?0.001) in elbow range of motion across time. This reduction in elbow range of motion was greater (P?<?0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity and combination groups at 1, 24 and 48?h. The reduction in maximum eccentric contraction was greater (P?<?0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity group at 24 and 48?h and the combination group at 48?h. In conclusion, the results add to our understanding of the effects of physical activity and the combination of physical activity and ibuprofen in reducing the severity of muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise. Physical activity conducted before eccentric exercise alleviates muscle soreness. Our results indicate that physical activity with or without ibuprofen helps to prevent delayed-onset muscle soreness.     

近十年国外对中草药研究的关注点——基于高频主题词的共现聚类分析

目的:调查国外作者发表的中草药研究文献, 分析国外作者对中草药研究的关注点.方法:对PubMed数据库中近10年由国外作者发表的有关中草药的文献进行主题词共现聚类分析, 下载这些文献的主题词并统计主题词出现的频次,截取高频主题词,形成主题词共现矩阵,对矩阵做聚类.通过分析各类的文献内容,得到该主题的研究热点.结果:共检出国外作者发表的论文2 609篇,出现频次超过20次的主题词为43个,聚类得到5个研究热点.结论:①中药抗炎免疫药理、植物型抗肿瘤药物药理、中药抗氧化作用药理以及中药制剂作为神经保护药的药理学研究、黄酮类化合物和生物碱类的药理学研究是中草药药理学研究的关注点;②糖尿病、哮喘等疾病是国外进行中草药治疗应用研究的热点病种;③含马兜铃酸中药的肾脏毒性研究和中草药引起中毒性肝炎的研究是中草药副作用研究的热点;④植物型抗肿瘤药物用于治疗前列腺癌的研究曾受到国外研究人员极大关注;⑤人参属等药用植物的化学成分和人参皂苷药理活性研究受到关注.     

谈中药炮制实验教学在饮片制作技能中的作用

中药炮制实验是中药学课程的重要组成部分,是理论联系实践的主要方式之一,在实验教学中探讨怎样来提高医学生中药炮制制作技能的策略,结合中药饮片制作的特点和临床使用情况进行分析,激发医学生对职业的兴趣,加强对实验质量的监控,促使了实验的良性循环。形成有利于培养医学生的环境,可提高医学生的中药饮片制作技能。     

Playing the game or played by the game? Young drug users’ educational trajectories

This article analyses the relationship between cannabis use and educational trajectories among 42 young drug users, recruited at addiction treatment centres in Denmark. Quantitative research shows regular cannabis use to be associated with poor school performance and drop-out. However, these studies do not pay much attention to differences between educational tracks or to the links between the educational field and other fields. Drawing on a Bourdieusian framework we analyse the interviewees’ involvement in four different fields: the academic field, the field of vocational schools, the labour market field and the artistic field. We contribute to the literature on post-16 educational trajectories by showing how successful ‘investments’ in education depend not only on available resources (capitals), but also on the ability to navigate in an increasingly complex educational system. Furthermore, we show how regular cannabis plays into the ‘illusio’ of different fields, challenging the interviewees’ playing of educational games.     

Orphan drugs: Unmet societal need for non-profitable privately supplied new products

Due to the severity of rare diseases, the societal need for biopharmaceutical treatments for these diseases is high, despite low numbers of patients. Therefore, we investigated the barriers currently hindering the willingness to develop orphan drugs in the Netherlands. To this end, a robust, small sample, exploratory analysis of Dutch multi-actor development of orphan drugs was performed. Various factors that were expected to stimulate the adoption of orphan drug development were found to be important barriers. Concerted actions of producers, users, and especially regulators are necessary to overcome these barriers, but the prerequisite of a shared problem definition is lacking.     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳银染的影响因素

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(PAGE)电泳是一种常用的DNA检测方法,广泛应用于现代生物技术研究.PAGE电泳中的银染技术复杂,银染过程中所要用到的聚丙烯酰胺、过硫酸铵、硝酸银等几种药品的浓度和作用时间直接影响实验效果.6％的凝胶分辨率较高:0.2％比01％硝酸银显带灵敏度高;甲醛浓度在0 1％～0 2％(体积比)范围内显色差异不大;l.5％和3％氢氧化钠显色结果无差别;10 mg/mL的硫代硫酸钠用量应为100～200μL/L;弱碱、强碱和改良银染法各有其优缺点,研究者可根据研究需求选择适合的银染方法.弱碱法染色背景浅,适于品种指纹图谱分析.强碱法及简易银染法具有高效率、低成本和操作简便的特点,适用于分子标记辅助育种.     

安徽部分地区鸡球虫对六种药物的抗药性研究

选择56只土杂鸡,检测了采自安徽部分地区的7种艾美耳球虫对6种常用抗球虫药的敏感性。根据最适抗球虫活性百分率、病变记分减少率和相对卵囊产量3项指标综合判定,安徽部分地区的柔嫩艾美耳球虫、毒害艾美耳球虫、巨型艾美耳球虫、堆型艾美耳球虫、和缓艾美耳球虫、早熟艾美耳球虫和哈氏艾美耳球虫的7个混合种对地克珠利、尼卡巴嗪、托曲珠利、磺胺喹噁啉钠、磺胺氯吡嗪钠和盐霉素钠均存在不同程度的抗药性,其中对盐霉素钠、地克珠利和托曲珠利具有重度抗药性,对尼卡巴嗪、磺胺喹噁啉钠和磺胺氯吡嗪钠具有中度抗药性。     

Effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in children: a meta-analysis

Objective: The aim of our meta-analysis was to assess the effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in epileptic children. Methods: Searches of PubMed and Web of Science were undertaken to identify studies evaluating the association between antiepileptic drugs and bone mineral density and bone metabolism. Results: A total of 22 studies with 1492 subjects were included in our research. We identified: (1) a reduction in bone mineral density at lumbar spine (standardized mean difference (SMD)=−0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.61, −0.05]), trochanter (mean difference (MD)=−0.07, 95% CI [−0.10, −0.05]), femoral neck (MD=−0.05, 95% CI [−0.09, −0.02]), and total body bone mineral density (MD=−0.33, 95% CI [−0.51, −0.15]); (2) a reduction in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (MD=−3.37, 95% CI [−5.94, −0.80]) and an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (SMD=0.71, 95% CI [0.38, 1.05]); (3) no significant changes in serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, or phosphorus. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that treatment with antiepileptic drugs may be associated with decreased bone mineral density in epileptic children.