A Cross-Age Study of the Understanding of Three Genetic Concepts: How Do They Image the Gene, DNA and Chromosome?

The study was carried out with 175 Turkish students by using drawings at different ages understanding of gene, DNA and chromosome concepts. Students from 8th, 9th, 11th grades and, science and biology student teachers were simply asked to draw the structure of gene, DNA and chromosome in a cell and also to give explanations about these three concepts. Differences in understanding between the age groups were found to be significant for the concepts of gene and DNA. None of the groups exhibit sound understanding and regardless of the age levels, students in all groups had alternative ideas about the three concepts investigated.     

Types and Qualities of Knowledge and their Relations to Problem Solving in Physics

Based on empirical findings and theoretical considerations related to the field of expertise research, the importance of “types” and “qualities” of knowledge in relation to problem solving in physics was investigated. The students (N =138) in this study had a level of competence that corresponds to an intensive beginner college course in physics. It was found that conceptual declarative knowledge and problem scheme knowledge are excellent predictors of problem solving performance. However, a detailed analysis shows that the first knowledge type is more typical for low achievers (novices) in physics problem solving whereas the second type is predominately used by high achievers (experts). Regarding types and qualities of knowledge and their relations to problem solving, the results of a multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) indicate that two dimensions of knowledge can be distinguished. On the extreme limits of the first dimension, which could be named “problem solving relevance vs. structure of discipline”, are the types of knowledge and the qualities of knowledge, respectively. The second dimension of knowledge could be named “single knowledge elements vs. organised knowledge units”. There are types of knowledge as well as qualities of knowledge distributed along this dimension. Consequences of these results for improving physics education are discussed.     

从代理成本看国有企业产权改革的路径选择

国有企业的代理成本与其他所有制企业的代理成本相比高了许多。从委托-代理理论及现有的国有企业代理成本的研究成果来看,国有企业委托-代理关系具有特殊性,其代理成本过高的根源在于产权不清晰。     

The Centros Concertados in Spain, Parental Demand and Implications for Equity

In Spain, the exercise of choice by parents of a suitable school for their children is not practised by all families in the same way. The evidence shows that an increasing social polarisation and a substantial disequilibrium in schooling are taking place in compulsory education. There is a high concentration of immigrant students in public schools in contrast with what happened in the centros concertados (private schools with public funding). This situation is especially unbalanced in some Autonomous Communities, such as the Community of Madrid, Catalonia, Valencia and Andalusia. The inequalities in the distribution of students in the network of public schools and private schools financed by public funds are producing significant responses from parents, teachers, experts, and also from other social groups. Some of the proposals made by different experts and by the Spanish Ministry of Education are analysed in order to reach to a quality education in more equitable conditions for all students.     

高考政策的国家利益优先性探讨

高考政策属于国家的公共政策。作为高校招生考试,高考应该坚持高等教育领域的国家利益优先性,但因为高考政策同时涉及为高校输送新生的基础教育领域的国家利益,而且基础教育领域的国家利益比高等教育领域的国家利益影响更为广泛、更为久远,所以高考政策应在为高校选拔新生的同时,坚持基础教育领域的国家利益优先。但现实却是,有些高考政策使基础教育领域的国家利益优先性体现不充分。这就要求高考政策进行必要的、及时的改革。     

基层电大开放教育接轨农村、服务农民的和谐理念

致力于中国农民素质教育是电大系统实施网络教育必须担负的历史使命,基层电大接轨农村、服务农民是开放教育可持续发展的必然趋势。当今农村地区发展的不平衡现状和农民个体活动呈现的独立性、选择性、多变性等形态,决定了各地基层电大在向农村和农民实施开放教育的过程中,必须于教育观念、教育技术以及教育中远期目标上紧紧把持和谐的理念。     

健美操新锻炼标准拉丁操套路对女大学生身体形态及成分的影响

运用实验、文献资料、专家访谈等方法,以广西民族大学大三60名非体育专业女生为实验对象,以新大众健关操锻炼标准拉丁操套路为自变量,以女大学生身体形态和身体成分为因变量,分析该套路对女大学生身体形态和身体成分的影响。研究结果表明：在实验影响下,实验组的女大学生身体形态及身体成分都有优化的趋势,其身体形态得以改善,脂肪含量,尤其是肩带关节、大腿、腰、臀等部位的脂肪含量明显减少,说明拉丁操对于女大学生具有良好的锻炼价值。根据实验结果提出了大力推广拉丁操套路,并将其积极引入高校体育课程的建议。     

科学与文化研究述评

国内外及历史上的科学文化研究,主要集中在三个领域：科学的文化研究;科学文化学研究;科学与人文。西方科学文化研究的问题又可精分为三大方面：科学知识的内容与其文化情景的统一性问题;实在论反实在论二者关系调和问题;科学认识论与政治学的内在一致性问题。人类文化经历了四个时期,而人文与科学关系在历史上经历了三个历史阶段。