Book Reviews

During the 40-odd years that the Alsatian-born, French-trained artist Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg lived in Britain, he became a triple celebrity. A decade after his migration to Britain in 1771 his achievements as a picturesque landscape artist were celebrated in election to the Royal Academy. During the same period he also worked for David Garrick at Drury Lane theatre as the highest-paid scenographer in Britain. Critics hailed him as a genius for revolutionizing Britain's dull staging traditions along the spectacular and naturalistic lines of France's Giovanni Servandoni. Finally, as the creator in 1781–82 of a pioneering commercial moving picture show, the Eidophusikon, he was acclaimed by leading arbiters of artistic taste such as Reynolds and Gainsborough. Well-heeled West End crowds flocked to performances, and the Eidophusikon was widely imitated in Europe, the United States, and the British colonies.

Yet de Loutherbourg's professional and social standing remained surprisingly fragile. At periodic intervals he was accused publicly of charlatanry, or its British equivalent, quackery. This damaging smear surfaced on each of the three occasions that de Loutherbourg shifted career direction. And though he managed to redeem himself on each occasion, it was only by making serious artistic and professional compromises. In this sense, the spectre of quackery haunted and shaped Philippe de Loutherbourg's British career, making him a fascinating test-case of quackery's shifting valencies at the dawn of the modern industrial age.     

Politics,Pauperism and Power in Late Nineteenth Century Ireland. By Virginia Crossman.

ABSTRACT

Food and military identity were inextricably linked in the British Army: rations were a thrice daily indicator of the men's separation from their civilian selves. The soldiers were what they ate, but they were also where and how they ate; the grubby rapacity of the barrack dining hall, the absence of civilizing cutlery and the unfamiliar food delineated their new role as clearly as any uniform. Institutional feeding facilitated the erasure of self, an unhelpful attribute in the military world. Men's accounts indicate the conflict between their appetites and what they all too often regarded as oppression in a dietary form.     

民族传统体育文化认同及其发展的思考

对民族传统体育文化的认同意识是中华民族文明得以传承和发展的重要内容之一.运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对民族传统体育文化的认同问题进行研究,指出传承环境和文化价值观念的改变、相关法律政策与广大民众的疏离,传播的局限性和封闭性是民族传统体育文化认同意识淡化的原因.在此基础上提出,保护和改善民族地区自然和人文环境,唤醒民众的文化自觉意识,重铸民众的主体认同意识,探索多元化的宣传传播途径,旨在提高民众的文化认同意识,促进民族传统体育文化的传承发展与中华文化的复兴.     

我国转型期农民政治认同的弱化倾向探析

政治认同与政治合法性和政治稳定密切相关.对处于社会转型期的国家来说,执政党能否成功领导并实现现代化,农民的政治认同起着至关重要的作用.改革开放以来,我国农民的政治认同程度较高,维系着社会的稳定和发展,但同时也存在着弱化倾向.这种弱化倾向在行为上表现为不合作与疏离、维权抗争、越轨、自暴自弃,并表现出与我国民主政治进程相关的特征.弱化倾向产生的原因在于农民在社会公正观念支配下产生了被剥夺感、被歧视感、被抛弃感和挫折感.     

试论政策执行中的政策认同

政策认同在政策执行过程中具有极为重要的作用,政策认同障碍是导致政策规避的重要心理原因.要强化政策对象对政策的认同和支持,顺利实现政策目标,就必须加强政策教化,注重沟通,协调利益,奖惩相济,改进与政策对象的互动方式,充分发挥政策对象在政策执行中的积极性.     

Stability and change as reflected in teachers' educational fantasies

The article aims to reveal teachers' dispositions concerning stability and change in the field of schooling and to suggest some possible connection to the social space. Forty teachers who attended a principals' training course were asked to write educational fantasies regarding their 'dream school'. A content analysis of the fantasies showed similarities, such as: respecting student diversity, core curriculum and subjects of choice, a variety of teaching methods and a rich physical environment, and differences regarding: time and space configuration, classroom size and the schoolyard and recreation area. Most (75%) of the desired models view the school as preparing the student for society, while 25% perceive it as a place for the fulfilment of students' potential. The conclusion is that educational reforms are likely to succeed if they follow the trend toward more diversity, choice and pluralism, but at the same time respect the areas of difference. Further research is needed to elaborate on the educational fantasy as a research tool.     

施奈德翻译的寒山诗对寒山文化身份的限制与重构

中国唐代诗人寒山在美国文化中被接受的原因在于,译者施奈德为了迎合垮掉派亚文化运动的意识形态建构,对寒山的文化身份进行了限定和重塑,使寒山具有了杂合的文化身份,从而使其成为美国垮掉派的精神领袖,在改变美国道德和文化方面发挥了意想不到的作用。     

It Ain’t What You Say...

This essay takes as its starting-point the recent announcement that GCSE English, the high-stakes test taken by 16-year-olds in England, will no longer include the assessment of speaking and listening. It attempts to place this decision, and other recent policy interventions that will have an impact on how talk in the classroom is conceptualised and valued, in a longer history of schooling, attitudes to spoken English and the notion of a spoken standard. The essay then explores, through an account of an observed GCSE English lesson, something of the complexities involved in taking talk, and the assessment of talk, seriously.     

拉什迪:东西方文化夹缝中的悲剧人物

在以多元文化并存和全球化趋势为显著特征的后殖民时代,"换语之人"异军突起,成就斐然.其代表人物拉什迪从"边缘"到"中心",成为世界文学明星.但是,他在前宗主国文化的影响下,背离了本民族的传统文化,文化身份发生质变,成了东方主义理论的传声筒,起列了加剧东西方文化冲突的消极的文化功用.他的悲剧具有警世意义.